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Chen Y, Chen Z, Cao J, Lin L, Li J. Severe and continuous immunoparesis during induction or maintenance therapy in nontransplant patients with multiple myeloma is a sign of poor prognosis. Hematology 2024; 29:2329378. [PMID: 38470208 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2024.2329378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple myeloma (MM) varies in clinical behavior, response to treatment and prognosis due to the heterogeneity of the disease. Data on the association between the immunoparesis status during treatment and prognosis in nontransplant MM patients are limited. METHODS In a retrospective analysis of 142 patients with MM, we examined the relationship between immunoparesis status and prognosis during treatment. All patients received novel agent-based therapy and did not undergo autologous stem cell transplantation. One, two, or three uninvolved immunoglobulins (Igs) below the lowest thresholds of normalcy were used to identify immunoparesis. RESULTS Patients with a greater degree of immunoparesis during treatment had shorter progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). A total of 46.5% of the patients had severe and continuous immunoparesis (at least two uninvolved Igs suppressed continuously during treatment), representing a worse prognosis than those with complete or partial normalization of Igs during treatment. Among patients who achieved at least complete remission, PFS was poor in patients with severe and continuous immunoparesis. Furthermore, severe and continuous immunoparesis during treatment was a poor prognostic factor for PFS and OS according to multivariate analyses. CONCLUSION The degree of immunoparesis during treatment is a follow-up indicator for survival in nontransplant myeloma patients, and severe and continuous immunoparesis in nontransplant myeloma patients might be a sign of poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Cao
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Jipeng Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
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Gozzetti A, Bernareggi I, Sammartano V. Finding the balance between immunoparesis recovery and multiple myeloma responses after autologous stem cell transplantation in the era of maintenance therapy and novel drugs. Br J Haematol 2023; 203:706-707. [PMID: 37776225 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.19132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gozzetti
- Hematology, University of Siena, Policlinico "Santa Maria alle Scotte", Siena, Italy
| | - Irene Bernareggi
- Hematology, University of Siena, Policlinico "Santa Maria alle Scotte", Siena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Sammartano
- Hematology, University of Siena, Policlinico "Santa Maria alle Scotte", Siena, Italy
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Huang W, Wei X, Wei Q, Wei Y, Feng R. Partial immunoparesis contributes to risk of early infections in patients with multiple myeloma. Transl Cancer Res 2022; 10:5258-5266. [PMID: 35116375 PMCID: PMC8797456 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-21-1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Partial immunoparesis, which means at least two suppressed uninvolved immunoglobulins (Igs), had been reported to be associated with poor prognosis in patients with multiple myeloma (MM), but the impact on early infections remains unknown. The purpose of our study was to determine the prognostic implications of partial immunoparesis on early grade ≥3 infections in patients with MM. Methods Herein we retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 123 MM patients between 2012 and 2020 at Nanfang Hospital. All patients received bortezomib-based regimens. The relationship between early grade ≥3 infections and partial immunoparesis was investigated using Cox regression analysis. Results Our data showed partial immunoapresis was found in 63% MM patients. Partial immunoparesis was significantly related to elevated beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and progressive international staging system (ISS) stage (P<0.05). Especially, univariate Cox regression analysis showed partial immunoparesis was significantly correlated with early grade ≥3 infections (P=0.003). Moreover, multivariate Cox regression analysis showed partial immunoparesis was an independent significant prognostic factor for early grade ≥3 infections [odds ratio (OR) =3.048; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.429–6.504; P=0.004]. Furthermore, partial immunoapresis could improve the infection risk model built by Dumontet et al. Conclusions Our study showed that partial immunoparesis could predict early infections in patients with MM, which may be used to identify the high risk patients for infections and guide strategies for infection prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Huang
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Wei
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wei
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongqiang Wei
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ru Feng
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Mateos MV, Kumar S, Dimopoulos MA, González-Calle V, Kastritis E, Hajek R, De Larrea CF, Morgan GJ, Merlini G, Goldschmidt H, Geraldes C, Gozzetti A, Kyriakou C, Garderet L, Hansson M, Zamagni E, Fantl D, Leleu X, Kim BS, Esteves G, Ludwig H, Usmani S, Min CK, Qi M, Ukropec J, Weiss BM, Rajkumar SV, Durie BGM, San-Miguel J. International Myeloma Working Group risk stratification model for smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM). Blood Cancer J 2020; 10:102. [PMID: 33067414 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-020-00366-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) is an asymptomatic precursor state of multiple myeloma (MM). Recently, MM was redefined to include biomarkers predicting a high risk of progression from SMM, thus necessitating a redefinition of SMM and its risk stratification. We assembled a large cohort of SMM patients meeting the revised IMWG criteria to develop a new risk stratification system. We included 1996 patients, and using stepwise selection and multivariable analysis, we identified three independent factors predicting progression risk at 2 years: serum M-protein >2 g/dL (HR: 2.1), involved to uninvolved free light-chain ratio >20 (HR: 2.7), and marrow plasma cell infiltration >20% (HR: 2.4). This translates into 3 categories with increasing 2-year progression risk: 6% for low risk (38%; no risk factors, HR: 1); 18% for intermediate risk (33%; 1 factor; HR: 3.0), and 44% for high risk (29%; 2–3 factors). Addition of cytogenetic abnormalities (t(4;14), t(14;16), +1q, and/or del13q) allowed separation into 4 groups (low risk with 0, low intermediate risk with 1, intermediate risk with 2, and high risk with ≥3 risk factors) with 6, 23, 46, and 63% risk of progression in 2 years, respectively. The 2/20/20 risk stratification model can be easily implemented to identify high-risk SMM for clinical research and routine practice and will be widely applicable.
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Chakraborty R, Rybicki L, Nakashima MO, Dean RM, Faiman BM, Samaras CJ, Rosko N, Dysert H, Valent J, Anwer F. Characterisation and prognostic impact of immunoparesis in relapsed multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2020; 189:1074-1082. [PMID: 32108328 PMCID: PMC9292652 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Characterisation and prognostic impact of immunoparesis in relapsed multiple myeloma (MM) is lacking in the current literature. We evaluated 258 patients with relapsed MM, diagnosed from 2008 to 2015, to investigate the prognostic impact of deep immunoparesis on post-relapse survival. On qualitative immunoparesis assessment, no, partial and full immunoparesis was present in 9%, 30% and 61% of patients, respectively. Quantitative immunoparesis was assessed by computing the average relative difference (ARD) between polyclonal immunoglobulin(s) and corresponding lower normal limit(s), with greater negative values indicating deeper immunoparesis. The median ARD was -39%, with an optimal cut-off of -50% for overall survival (OS) by recursive partitioning analysis. Deep immunoparesis (ARD ≤-50%) was associated with a higher tumour burden at first relapse compared to none/shallow [ARD >-50%] immunoparesis. The OS (P = 0·007) and progression-free survival (PFS; P < 0·001) differed significantly between the deep and none/shallow immunoparesis groups. Kaplan-Meier estimates for 3-year OS were 36% and 46%, and for 2-year PFS were 17% and 27%, respectively. On multivariable analysis (MVA) for PFS, both qualitative and quantitative immunoparesis retained negative prognostic impact independently. However, only quantitative immunoparesis was independently prognostic for OS on MVA. Depth of immunoparesis in relapsed MM is an important prognostic factor for post-relapse survival in the era of novel agents and continuous therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Rybicki
- Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Robert M Dean
- Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Beth M Faiman
- Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel Rosko
- Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hayley Dysert
- Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jason Valent
- Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Faiz Anwer
- Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Yavorkovsky LL, Hope A. A Tale of Two Immunodeficiencies: A Case of Multiple Myeloma Associated with Profound Immune Defect Mimicking Common Variable Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Perm J 2019; 24:19.104. [PMID: 31852056 DOI: 10.7812/tpp/19.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal plasma cell disorder commonly associated with secondary immune deficiency. By contrast, common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by low serum levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and/or IgM) and inability to produce specific protective antibodies in response to infections and immunizations. Besides a defective immune system and susceptibility to infections, CVID is associated with autoimmune disorders, gastrointestinal tract inflammation, granulomatous disease, and malignancies. Although MM and CVID both manifest an abnormal immune system homeostasis, the pathogenesis of the immune defect is distinctly different: Quantitative deficiency of the normal plasma cells in the former and qualitative defect in plasma cell maturation in the latter. CASE PRESENTATION An unusual case of MM associated with profound immunodeficiency mimicking CVID occurred in a 51-year-old man with a history of numerous bacterial infections and low γ-globulin levels. DISCUSSION A hypothetical connection between MM and CVID is discussed. Patients with MM who have an unusually high burden of infections and profound immune deficit persisting even after successful myeloma therapy merit recognition as a distinct cohort that warrants heightened attention from clinicians and scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Hope
- Department of Immunology, Kaiser Permanente Santa Clara Medical Center, CA
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Evliyaoglu O, van Helden J, Jaruschewski S, Imöhl M, Weiskirchen R. Reference change values of M-protein, free light chain and immunoglobulins in monoclonal gammopathy. Clin Biochem 2019; 74:42-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Sachchithanantham S, Berlanga O, Alvi A, Mahmood SA, Lachmann HJ, Gillmore JD, Hawkins PN, Harding S, Wechalekar AD. Immunoparesis defined by heavy+light chain suppression is a novel marker of long-term outcomes in cardiac AL amyloidosis. Br J Haematol 2017; 179:575-585. [PMID: 28990174 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac involvement and presenting dFLC (difference between involved and uninvolved free light chains) are independent predictors of outcome in systemic AL amyloidosis. These markers have limited prognostic utility in patients surviving the initial months following diagnosis. Here we assessed immunoparesis, as determined by novel heavy+light chain (HLC) immunoassays, as a prognostic marker for survival in AL amyloidosis. HLC measurements identified immunoparesis of at least one immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype in 145 (85%) patients; and severe immunoparesis (≥2 Ig isotypes suppressed by >50% below normal levels) in 29 (17%) patients. Median overall survival (OS) on intention to treat (ITT) analysis was 26·2 months. In the ITT cohort, dFLC >180 mg/l was associated with shorter OS (P = 0·05); whereas HLC immunoparesis was not prognostic. On a landmark analysis of 127 patients alive at 6 months, presenting dFLC was not prognostic for OS (P = 0·33) and severe HLC immunoparesis trended towards poorer survival (20·2 vs. 42·8 months; P = 0·09). In the subset of patients with cardiac involvement, severe HLC immunoparesis conferred very poor outcome (median OS 8·8 vs. 29·9 months, P = 0·007). In conclusion, severe HLC immunoparesis is an independent marker of long-term poor prognosis in AL patients with cardiac involvement. The pathophysiological significance of this observation needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajitha Sachchithanantham
- Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, University College London (Royal Free Campus), London, UK
| | | | - Azra Alvi
- The Binding Site Group Ltd., Birmingham, UK
| | - Shameem A Mahmood
- Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, University College London (Royal Free Campus), London, UK
| | - Helen J Lachmann
- Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, University College London (Royal Free Campus), London, UK
| | - Julian D Gillmore
- Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, University College London (Royal Free Campus), London, UK
| | - Philip N Hawkins
- Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, University College London (Royal Free Campus), London, UK
| | | | - Ashutosh D Wechalekar
- Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, University College London (Royal Free Campus), London, UK
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