1
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Kuraoka T, Goto S, Kanno M, Díaz-Tendero S, Reino-González J, Trinter F, Pier A, Sommerlad L, Melzer N, McGinnis OD, Kruse J, Wenzel T, Jahnke T, Xue H, Kishimoto N, Yoshikawa K, Tamura Y, Ota F, Hatada K, Ueda K, Martín F. Tracing Photoinduced Hydrogen Migration in Alcohol Dications from Time-Resolved Molecular-Frame Photoelectron Angular Distributions. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:1241-1249. [PMID: 38324399 PMCID: PMC10895665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The recent implementation of attosecond and few-femtosecond X-ray pump/X-ray probe schemes in large-scale free-electron laser facilities has opened the way to visualize fast nuclear dynamics in molecules with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution. Here, we present the results of theoretical calculations showing how polarization-averaged molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions (PA-MFPADs) can be used to visualize the dynamics of hydrogen migration in methanol, ethanol, propanol, and isopropyl alcohol dications generated by X-ray irradiation of the corresponding neutral species. We show that changes in the PA-MFPADs with the pump-probe delay as a result of intramolecular photoelectron diffraction carry information on the dynamics of hydrogen migration in real space. Although visualization of this dynamics is more straightforward in the smaller systems, methanol and ethanol, one can still recognize the signature of that motion in propanol and isopropyl alcohol and assign a tentative path to it. A possible pathway for a corresponding experiment requires an angularly resolved detection of photoelectrons in coincidence with molecular fragment ions used to define a molecular frame of reference. Such studies have become, in principle, possible since the first XFELs with sufficiently high repetition rates have emerged. To further support our findings, we provide experimental evidence of H migration in ethanol-OD from ion-ion coincidence measurements performed with synchrotron radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Kuraoka
- Department
of Physics, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - S. Goto
- Department
of Physics, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - M. Kanno
- Department
of Chemistry, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - S. Díaz-Tendero
- Departamento
de Química, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Institute
for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - J. Reino-González
- Instituto
Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nano), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - F. Trinter
- Molecular
Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - A. Pier
- Institut
für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität
Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straβe 1, Frankfurt am
Main 60438, Germany
| | - L. Sommerlad
- Institut
für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität
Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straβe 1, Frankfurt am
Main 60438, Germany
| | - N. Melzer
- Institut
für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität
Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straβe 1, Frankfurt am
Main 60438, Germany
| | - O. D. McGinnis
- Institut
für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität
Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straβe 1, Frankfurt am
Main 60438, Germany
| | - J. Kruse
- Institut
für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität
Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straβe 1, Frankfurt am
Main 60438, Germany
| | - T. Wenzel
- Institut
für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität
Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straβe 1, Frankfurt am
Main 60438, Germany
| | - T. Jahnke
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
- European
XFEL, Holzkoppel
4, Schenefeld 22869, Germany
| | - H. Xue
- Department
of Chemistry, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - N. Kishimoto
- Department
of Chemistry, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - K. Yoshikawa
- Department
of Physics, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Y. Tamura
- Department
of Physics, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - F. Ota
- Department
of Physics, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - K. Hatada
- Department
of Physics, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - K. Ueda
- Department
of Chemistry, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - F. Martín
- Departamento
de Química, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Instituto
Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nano), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
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2
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Champenois EG, List NH, Ware M, Britton M, Bucksbaum PH, Cheng X, Centurion M, Cryan JP, Forbes R, Gabalski I, Hegazy K, Hoffmann MC, Howard AJ, Ji F, Lin MF, Nunes JPF, Shen X, Yang J, Wang X, Martinez TJ, Wolf TJA. Femtosecond Electronic and Hydrogen Structural Dynamics in Ammonia Imaged with Ultrafast Electron Diffraction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:143001. [PMID: 37862660 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.143001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Directly imaging structural dynamics involving hydrogen atoms by ultrafast diffraction methods is complicated by their low scattering cross sections. Here we demonstrate that megaelectronvolt ultrafast electron diffraction is sufficiently sensitive to follow hydrogen dynamics in isolated molecules. In a study of the photodissociation of gas phase ammonia, we simultaneously observe signatures of the nuclear and corresponding electronic structure changes resulting from the dissociation dynamics in the time-dependent diffraction. Both assignments are confirmed by ab initio simulations of the photochemical dynamics and the resulting diffraction observable. While the temporal resolution of the experiment is insufficient to resolve the dissociation in time, our results represent an important step towards the observation of proton dynamics in real space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elio G Champenois
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Nanna H List
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew Ware
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Mathew Britton
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Philip H Bucksbaum
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Xinxin Cheng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Martin Centurion
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - James P Cryan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ruaridh Forbes
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ian Gabalski
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kareem Hegazy
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Howard
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Fuhao Ji
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ming-Fu Lin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J Pedro F Nunes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xijie Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Todd J Martinez
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Thomas J A Wolf
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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3
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Kovalchuk MV, Blagov AE, Naraikin OS, Marchenkov NV, Senin RA, Targonskii AV. Fourth-Generation Synchrotron Radiation Source with X-ray Free-Electron Laser SILA: Concept of Accelerator–Storage Complex. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774522050078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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5
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Dowek D, Decleva P. Trends in angle-resolved molecular photoelectron spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:24614-24654. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02725a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this perspective article, main trends of angle-resolved molecular photoelectron spectroscopy in the laboratory up to the molecular frame, in different regimes of light-matter interactions, are highlighted with emphasis on foundations and most recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Dowek
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Piero Decleva
- CNR IOM and Dipartimento DSCF, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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6
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Fehre K, Novikovskiy NM, Grundmann S, Kastirke G, Eckart S, Trinter F, Rist J, Hartung A, Trabert D, Janke C, Pitzer M, Zeller S, Wiegandt F, Weller M, Kircher M, Nalin G, Hofmann M, Schmidt LPH, Knie A, Hans A, Ben Ltaief L, Ehresmann A, Berger R, Fukuzawa H, Ueda K, Schmidt-Böcking H, Williams JB, Jahnke T, Dörner R, Demekhin PV, Schöffler MS. A new route for enantio-sensitive structure determination by photoelectron scattering on molecules in the gas phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:26458-26465. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03090j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Combination of Coulomb explosion imaging, molecular frame diffraction imaging, and ab initio computations provide a route for enantio-sensitive structure determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Fehre
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nikolay M. Novikovskiy
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Southern Federal University, 344090, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Sven Grundmann
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gregor Kastirke
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckart
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Florian Trinter
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Rist
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Hartung
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Trabert
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Janke
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Pitzer
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Zeller
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Florian Wiegandt
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Miriam Weller
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Max Kircher
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Giammarco Nalin
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Max Hofmann
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lothar Ph. H. Schmidt
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - André Knie
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Andreas Hans
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Ltaief Ben Ltaief
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Arno Ehresmann
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Robert Berger
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hironobu Fukuzawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Horst Schmidt-Böcking
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Till Jahnke
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Reinhard Dörner
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Philipp V. Demekhin
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Markus S. Schöffler
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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7
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Abstract
Photoexcited molecules convert light into chemical and mechanical energy through changes in electronic and nuclear structure that take place on femtosecond timescales. Gas phase ultrafast electron diffraction (GUED) is an ideal tool to probe the nuclear geometry evolution of the molecules and complements spectroscopic methods that are mostly sensitive to the electronic state. GUED is a passive probing tool that does not alter the molecular properties during the probing process and is sensitive to the spatial distribution of charge in the molecule, including both electrons and nuclei. Improvements in temporal resolution have enabled GUED to capture coherent nuclear motions in molecules in the excited and ground electronic states with femtosecond and subangstrom resolution. Here we present the basic theory of GUED and explain what information is encoded in the diffraction signal, review how GUED has been used to observe coherent structural dynamics in recent experiments, and discuss the advantages and limitations of the method. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Centurion
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA;
| | - Thomas J A Wolf
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA;
| | - Jie Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, China;
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8
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Wang SJ, Daněk J, Blaga CI, DiMauro LF, Biegert J, Lin CD. Two-dimensional retrieval methods for ultrafast imaging of molecular structure using laser-induced electron diffraction. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:164104. [PMID: 34717362 DOI: 10.1063/5.0064761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular structural retrieval based on electron diffraction has been proposed to determine the atomic positions of molecules with sub-angstrom spatial and femtosecond temporal resolutions. Given its success on small molecular systems, in this work, we point out that the accuracy of structure retrieval is constrained by the availability of a wide range of experimental data in the momentum space in all molecular systems. To mitigate the limitations, for laser-induced electron diffraction, here we retrieve molecular structures using two-dimensional (energy and angle) electron momentum spectra in the laboratory frame for a number of small molecular systems, which have previously been studied with 1D methods. Compared to the conventional single-energy or single-angle analysis, our 2D methods effectively expand the momentum range of the measured data. Besides utilization of the 2D data, two complementary methods are developed for consistency check on the retrieved results. The 2D nature of our methods also offers a way of estimating the error from retrieval, which has never been explored before. Comparing with results from prior experiments, our findings show evidence that our 2D methods outperform the conventional 1D methods. Paving the way to the retrieval of large molecular systems, in which their tunneling ionization rates are challenging to obtain, we estimate the error of using the isotropic model in place of including the orientation-dependent ionization rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ju Wang
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Jiří Daněk
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Cosmin I Blaga
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Louis F DiMauro
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Jens Biegert
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C D Lin
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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9
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Ota F, Abe S, Hatada K, Ueda K, Díaz-Tendero S, Martín F. Imaging intramolecular hydrogen migration with time- and momentum-resolved photoelectron diffraction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20174-20182. [PMID: 34473148 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02055b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Imaging ultrafast hydrogen migration with few- or sub-femtosecond time resolution is a challenge for ultrafast spectroscopy due to the lightness and small scattering cross-section of the moving hydrogen atom. Here we propose time- and momentum-resolved photoelectron diffraction (TMR-PED) as a way to overcome limitations of existing methodologies and illustrate its performance in the ethanol molecule. By combining different theoretical methods, namely molecular dynamics and electron scattering methods, we show that TMR-PED, along with a judicious choice of the reference frame for multi-coincidence detection, allows for direct imaging of single and double hydrogen migration in doubly-charged ethanol with both few-fs and Å resolutions, all the way from its birth to the very end. It also provides hints of proton extraction following H2 roaming. The signature of hydrogen dynamics shows up in polarization-averaged molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions (PA-MFPADs) as moving features that allow for a straightforward visualization in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fukiko Ota
- Department of Physics, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Abe
- Department of Physics, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Hatada
- Department of Physics, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Sergio Díaz-Tendero
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, EU, Spain. .,Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, EU, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, EU, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, EU, Spain. .,Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, EU, Spain.,Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nano), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, EU, Spain
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