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Li S, Wei W, Chi K, Ferguson CTJ, Zhao Y, Zhang KAI. Promoting Photocatalytic Direct C-H Difluoromethylation of Heterocycles using Synergistic Dual-Active-Centered Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12386-12394. [PMID: 38500309 PMCID: PMC11082899 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Difluoromethylation reactions are increasingly important for the creation of fluorine-containing heterocycles, which are core groups in a diverse range of biologically and pharmacologically active ingredients. Ideally, this typically challenging reaction could be performed photocatalytically under mild conditions. To achieve this separation of redox processes would be required for the efficient generation of difluoromethyl radicals and the reduction of oxygen. A covalent organic framework photocatalytic material was, therefore, designed with dual reactive centers. Here, anthracene was used as a reduction site and benzothiadiazole was used as an oxidation site, distributed in a tristyryl triazine framework. Efficient charge separation was ensured by the superior electron-donating and -accepting abilities of the dual centers, creating long-lived photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Photocatalytic difluoromethylation of 16 compounds with high yields and remarkable functional group tolerance was demonstrated; compounds included bioactive molecules such as xanthine and uracil. The structure-function relationship of the dual-active-center photocatalyst was investigated through electron spin resonance, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhe Li
- Department
of Materials Science, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wenxin Wei
- Department
of Materials Science, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Kai Chi
- Department
of Materials Science, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Calum T. J. Ferguson
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, University Road W, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department
of Materials Science, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Kai A. I. Zhang
- Department
of Materials Science, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, P. R. China
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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2
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Zhou D, Chen C, Zhang Y, Wang M, Han S, Dong X, Yao T, Jia S, He M, Wu H, Han B. Cooperation of Different Active Sites to Promote CO 2 Electroreduction to Multi-carbon Products at Ampere-Level. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400439. [PMID: 38345401 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Electroreduction of CO2 to C2+ products provides a promising strategy for reaching the goal of carbon neutrality. However, achieving high selectivity of C2+ products at high current density remains a challenge. In this work, we designed and prepared a multi-sites catalyst, in which Pd was atomically dispersed in Cu (Pd-Cu). It was found that the Pd-Cu catalyst had excellent performance for producing C2+ products from CO2 electroreduction. The Faradaic efficiency (FE) of C2+ products could be maintained at approximately 80.8 %, even at a high current density of 0.8 A cm-2 for at least 20 hours. In addition, the FE of C2+ products was above 70 % at 1.4 A cm-2. Experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the catalyst had three distinct catalytic sites. These three active sites allowed for efficient conversion of CO2, water dissociation, and CO conversion, ultimately leading to high yields of C2+ products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Chunjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process engineering, SKLPMPE, Sinopec research institute of petroleum processing Co., LTD., Beijing, 100083, China
- East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Min Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Shitao Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xue Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Ting Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Shuaiqiang Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Mingyuan He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process engineering, SKLPMPE, Sinopec research institute of petroleum processing Co., LTD., Beijing, 100083, China
- East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Haihong Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process engineering, SKLPMPE, Sinopec research institute of petroleum processing Co., LTD., Beijing, 100083, China
- East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Buxing Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process engineering, SKLPMPE, Sinopec research institute of petroleum processing Co., LTD., Beijing, 100083, China
- East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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3
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Tan X, Zhu H, He C, Zhuang Z, Sun K, Zhang C, Chen C. Customizing catalyst surface/interface structures for electrochemical CO 2 reduction. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4292-4312. [PMID: 38516078 PMCID: PMC10952066 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06990g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) provides a promising route to converting CO2 into value-added chemicals and to neutralizing the greenhouse gas emission. For the industrial application of CO2RR, high-performance electrocatalysts featuring high activities and selectivities are essential. It has been demonstrated that customizing the catalyst surface/interface structures allows for high-precision control over the microenvironment for catalysis as well as the adsorption/desorption behaviors of key reaction intermediates in CO2RR, thereby elevating the activity, selectivity and stability of the electrocatalysts. In this paper, we review the progress in customizing the surface/interface structures for CO2RR electrocatalysts (including atomic-site catalysts, metal catalysts, and metal/oxide catalysts). From the perspectives of coordination engineering, atomic interface design, surface modification, and hetero-interface construction, we delineate the resulting specific alterations in surface/interface structures, and their effect on the CO2RR process. At the end of this review, we present a brief discussion and outlook on the current challenges and future directions for achieving high-efficiency CO2RR via surface/interface engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tan
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Haojie Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Chang He
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Zewen Zhuang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Kaian Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Chao Zhang
- MOE International Joint Laboratory of Materials Microstructure, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology Tianjin 300384 China
| | - Chen Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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Lucky C, Schreier M. Mind the Interface: The Role of Adsorption in Electrocatalysis. ACS Nano 2024; 18:6008-6015. [PMID: 38354360 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
In the field of electrocatalysis, significant emphasis has been placed on developing electrode materials to enable critical energy storage reactions and sustainable chemical synthesis. However, the electrode is just one part of a complex interfacial environment that controls substrate adsorption and reactivity. In the presence of a liquid electrolyte and an electrochemical interface, adsorption processes behave substantially differently than those in the gas phase. Understanding these adsorption processes, which play an important role in all electrocatalytic reactions, is critical for the design of effective electrocatalysts. In this Perspective, we discuss the current understanding of electrochemical adsorption and its implications for catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lucky
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Marcel Schreier
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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5
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Zhang T, Jiang J, Sun W, Gong S, Liu X, Tian Y, Wang D. Spatial configuration of Fe-Co dual-sites boosting catalytic intermediates coupling toward oxygen evolution reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2317247121. [PMID: 38294936 PMCID: PMC10861885 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317247121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the pivotal obstacle of water splitting for hydrogen production. Dual-sites catalysts (DSCs) are considered exceeding single-site catalysts due to the preternatural synergetic effects of two metals in OER. However, appointing the specific spatial configuration of dual-sites toward more efficient catalysis still remains a challenge. Herein, we constructed two configurations of Fe-Co dual-sites: stereo Fe-Co sites (stereo-Fe-Co DSC) and planar Fe-Co sites (planar-Fe-Co DSC). Remarkably, the planar-Fe-Co DSC has excellent OER performance superior to stereo-Fe-Co DSC. DFT calculations and experiments including isotope differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, in situ infrared spectroscopy, and in situ Raman reveal the *O intermediates can be directly coupled to form *O-O* rather than *OOH by both the DSCs, which could overcome the limitation of four electron transfer steps in OER. Especially, the proper Fe-Co distance and steric direction of the planar-Fe-Co benefit the cooperation of dual sites to dehydrogenate intermediates into *O-O* than stereo-Fe-Co in the rate-determining step. This work provides valuable insights and support for further research and development of OER dual-site catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyan Zhang
- Analytical Instrumentation Centre,Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing100048, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis),Beijing100094, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenming Sun
- Analytical Instrumentation Centre,Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing100048, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuyan Gong
- Analytical Instrumentation Centre,Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing100048, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangwen Liu
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis),Beijing100094, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Tian
- Analytical Instrumentation Centre,Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing100048, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Ahmed M, Wang C, Zhao Y, Sathish CI, Lei Z, Qiao L, Sun C, Wang S, Kennedy JV, Vinu A, Yi J. Bridging Together Theoretical and Experimental Perspectives in Single-Atom Alloys for Electrochemical Ammonia Production. Small 2024:e2308084. [PMID: 38243883 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia is an essential commodity in the food and chemical industry. Despite the energy-intensive nature, the Haber-Bosch process is the only player in ammonia production at large scales. Developing other strategies is highly desirable, as sustainable and decentralized ammonia production is crucial. Electrochemical ammonia production by directly reducing nitrogen and nitrogen-based moieties powered by renewable energy sources holds great potential. However, low ammonia production and selectivity rates hamper its utilization as a large-scale ammonia production process. Creating effective and selective catalysts for the electrochemical generation of ammonia is critical for long-term nitrogen fixation. Single-atom alloys (SAAs) have become a new class of materials with distinctive features that may be able to solve some of the problems with conventional heterogeneous catalysts. The design and optimization of SAAs for electrochemical ammonia generation have recently been significantly advanced. This comprehensive review discusses these advancements from theoretical and experimental research perspectives, offering a fundamental understanding of the development of SAAs for ammonia production.
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Affiliation(s)
- MuhammadIbrar Ahmed
- Global Innovative Center of Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Science, and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Cheng Wang
- CSIRO Energy Centre, 10 Murray Dwyer Circuit, Mayfield West, NSW, 2304, Australia
| | - Yong Zhao
- CSIRO Energy Centre, 10 Murray Dwyer Circuit, Mayfield West, NSW, 2304, Australia
| | - C I Sathish
- Global Innovative Center of Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Science, and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Zhihao Lei
- Global Innovative Center of Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Science, and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Liang Qiao
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Chenghua Sun
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, 3122, Australia
| | - Shaobin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - John V Kennedy
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, P.O. Box 31312, Lower Hutt, 5010, New Zealand
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- Global Innovative Center of Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Science, and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Jiabao Yi
- Global Innovative Center of Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Science, and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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7
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Tong M, Sun F, Xing G, Tian C, Wang L, Fu H. Potential Dominates Structural Recombination of Single Atom Mn Sites for Promoting Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314933. [PMID: 37955333 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Single atom sites (SAS) often undergo structural recombination in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), while the effect of valence state and reconstruction on active centers needs to be investigated thoroughly. Herein, the Mn-SAS catalyst with uniform and precise Mn-N4 configuration is rationally designed. We utilize operando synchrotron radiation to track the dynamic evolution of active centers during ORR. Under the applied potential, the structural evolution of Mn-N4 into Mn-N3 C and further into Mn-N2 C2 configurations is clarified. Simultaneously, the valence states of Mn are increased from +3.0 to +3.8 and then decreased to +3.2. When the potential is removed, the catalyst returned to its initial Mn+3.0 -N4 configuration. Such successive evolutions optimize the electronic and geometric structures of active centers as evidenced by theory calculations. The evolved Mn+3.8 -N3 C and Mn+3.2 -N2 C2 configurations respectively adjust the O2 adsorption and reduce the energy barrier of rate-determining step. Thus, it can achieve an onset potential of 0.99 V, superior stability over 10,000 cycles, and a high turnover frequency of 1.59 s-1 at 0.85 VRHE. Our present work provides new insights into the construction of well-defined SAS catalysts by regulating the valence states and configurations of active centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Tong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Fanfei Sun
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Gengyu Xing
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Chungui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Honggang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
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8
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Guo W, Zhang S, Zhang J, Wu H, Ma Y, Song Y, Cheng L, Chang L, Li G, Liu Y, Wei G, Gan L, Zhu M, Xi S, Wang X, Yakobson BI, Tang BZ, Ye R. Accelerating multielectron reduction at Cu xO nanograins interfaces with controlled local electric field. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7383. [PMID: 37968299 PMCID: PMC10651938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulating electron transport rate and ion concentrations in the local microenvironment of active site can overcome the slow kinetics and unfavorable thermodynamics of CO2 electroreduction. However, simultaneous optimization of both kinetics and thermodynamics is hindered by synthetic constraints and poor mechanistic understanding. Here we leverage laser-assisted manufacturing for synthesizing CuxO bipyramids with controlled tip angles and abundant nanograins, and elucidate the mechanism of the relationship between electron transport/ion concentrations and electrocatalytic performance. Potassium/OH- adsorption tests and finite element simulations corroborate the contributions from strong electric field at the sharp tip. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry unveil the dynamic evolution of critical *CO/*OCCOH intermediates and product profiles, complemented with theoretical calculations that elucidate the thermodynamic contributions from improved coupling at the Cu+/Cu2+ interfaces. Through modulating the electron transport and ion concentrations, we achieve high Faradaic efficiency of 81% at ~900 mA cm-2 for C2+ products via CO2RR. Similar enhancement is also observed for nitrate reduction reaction (NITRR), achieving 81.83 mg h-1 ammonia yield rate per milligram catalyst. Coupling the CO2RR and NITRR systems demonstrates the potential for valorizing flue gases and nitrate wastes, which suggests a practical approach for carbon-nitrogen cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Guo
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong, China
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Haoran Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yangbo Ma
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yun Song
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Le Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Liang Chang
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Geng Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Guodan Wei
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Gan
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Minghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Shibo Xi
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore, 627833, Singapore.
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ruquan Ye
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong, China.
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