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Xu X, Xue P, Gao M, Li Y, Xu Z, Wei Y, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Wang L, Liu H, Cheng B. Assembled one-dimensional nanowires for flexible electronic devices via printing and coating: Techniques, applications, and perspectives. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 321:102987. [PMID: 37852138 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The rapid progress in flexible electronic devices has necessitated continual research into nanomaterials, structural design, and fabrication processes. One-dimensional nanowires, characterized by their distinct structures and exceptional properties, are considered essential components for various flexible electronic devices. Considerable attention has been directed toward the assembly of nanowires, which presents significant advantages. Printing and coating techniques can be used to assemble nanowires in a relatively simple, efficient, and cost-competitive manner and exhibit potential for scale-up production in the foreseeable future. This review aims to provide an overview of nanowire assembly using printing and coating techniques, such as bar coating, spray coating, dip coating, blade coating, 3D printing, and so forth. The application of assembled nanowires in flexible electronic devices is subsequently discussed. Finally, further discussion is presented on the potential and challenges of flexible electronic devices based on assembled nanowires via printing and coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Pan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, PR China
| | - Meng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Zijun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Zhengjian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, PR China.
| | - Hongbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Bowen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
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Myja H, Yang Z, Goldthorpe IA, Jones AJB, Musselman KP, Grundmann A, Kalisch H, Vescan A, Heuken M, Kümmell T, Bacher G. Silver nanowire electrodes for transparent light emitting devices based on WS 2monolayers. Nanotechnology 2023; 34. [PMID: 37040718 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/accbc6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) monolayers with their direct band gap in the visible to near-infrared spectral range have emerged over the past years as highly promising semiconducting materials for optoelectronic applications. Progress in scalable fabrication methods for TMDCs like metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and the ambition to exploit specific material properties, such as mechanical flexibility or high transparency, highlight the importance of suitable device concepts and processing techniques. In this work, we make use of the high transparency of TMDC monolayers to fabricate transparent light-emitting devices (LEDs). MOCVD-grown WS2is embedded as the active material in a scalable vertical device architecture and combined with a silver nanowire (AgNW) network as a transparent top electrode. The AgNW network was deposited onto the device by a spin-coating process, providing contacts with a sheet resistance below 10 Ω sq-1and a transmittance of nearly 80%. As an electron transport layer we employed a continuous 40 nm thick zinc oxide (ZnO) layer, which was grown by atmospheric pressure spatial atomic layer deposition (AP-SALD), a precise tool for scalable deposition of oxides with defined thickness. With this, LEDs with an average transmittance over 60% in the visible spectral range, emissive areas of several mm2and a turn-on voltage of around 3 V are obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Myja
- Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik and CENIDE, University Duisburg-Essen, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Zhiqiao Yang
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering and WIN, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Irene A Goldthorpe
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering and WIN, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Alexander J B Jones
- Department of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering and WIN, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kevin P Musselman
- Department of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering and WIN, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Annika Grundmann
- Compound Semiconductor Technology, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Holger Kalisch
- Compound Semiconductor Technology, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrei Vescan
- Compound Semiconductor Technology, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Heuken
- Compound Semiconductor Technology, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
- AIXTRON SE, D-52134 Herzogenrath, Germany
| | - Tilmar Kümmell
- Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik and CENIDE, University Duisburg-Essen, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Bacher
- Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik and CENIDE, University Duisburg-Essen, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany
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Abstract
Armed with the merits of one-dimensional nanostructures (flexibility, high aspect ratio, and anisotropy) and metals (high conductivity, plasmonic properties, and catalytic activity), metal nanowires (MNWs) have stood out as a new class of nanomaterials in the last two decades. They are envisaged to expedite significantly and even revolutionize a broad spectrum of applications related to display, sensing, energy, plasmonics, photonics, and catalysis. Compared with disordered MNWs, well-organized MNWs would not only enhance the intrinsic physical and chemical properties, but also create new functions and sophisticated architectures of optoelectronic devices. This paper presents a comprehensive review of assembly strategies of MNWs, including self-assembly for specific structures, alignment for anisotropic constructions, and patterning for precise configurations. The technical processes, underlying mechanisms, performance indicators, and representative applications of these strategies are described and discussed to inspire further innovation in assembly techniques and guide the fabrication of optoelectrical devices. Finally, a perspective on the critical challenges and future opportunities of MNW assembly is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Tianwei Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Key Laboratory of Visible Light Communications of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yaofei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Key Laboratory of Visible Light Communications of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bo-Ru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunhan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Key Laboratory of Visible Light Communications of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Gui-Shi Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Key Laboratory of Visible Light Communications of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Yang Y, Duan S, Zhao H. Advances in constructing silver nanowire-based conductive pathways for flexible and stretchable electronics. Nanoscale 2022; 14:11484-11511. [PMID: 35912705 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02475f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With their soaring technological demand, flexible and stretchable electronics have attracted many researchers' attention for a variety of applications. The challenge which was identified a decade ago and still remains, however, is that the conventional electrodes based on indium tin oxide (ITO) are not suitable for ultra-flexible electronic devices. The main reason is that ITO is brittle and expensive, limiting device performance and application. Thus, it is crucial to develop new materials and processes to construct flexible and stretchable electrodes with superior quality for next-generation soft devices. Herein, various types of conductive nanomaterials as candidates for flexible and stretchable electrodes are briefly reviewed. Among them, silver nanowire (AgNW) is selected as the focus of this review, on account of its excellent conductivity, superior flexibility, high technological maturity, and significant presence in the research community. To fabricate a reliable AgNW-based conductive network for electrodes, different processing technologies are introduced, and the corresponding characteristics are compared and discussed. Furthermore, this review summarizes strategies and the latest progress in enhancing the conductive pathway. Finally, we showcase some exemplary applications and provide some perspectives about the remaining technical challenges for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhang Yang
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, BioTech One, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Shun Duan
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, BioTech One, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, BioTech One, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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Kim J, Lee SM, You JS, Kim NY, Wooh S, Chang ST. Dewetting-driven self-assembly of web-like silver nanowire networked film for highly transparent conductors. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Xu L, Weng WC, Yeh YC. Continuous Wave Laser Nanowelding Process of Ag Nanowires on Flexible Polymer Substrates. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11102511. [PMID: 34684961 PMCID: PMC8541505 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we present the laser nanowelding process of silver nanowires (AgNWs) deposited on flexible polymer substrates by continuous wave (CW) lasers. CW lasers are cost-effective and can provide moderate power density, somewhere between nanosecond pulsed lasers and flash lamps, which is just enough to perform the nanowelding process efficiently and does not damage the nanowires on the polymer substrates. Here, an Nd:YAG CW laser (wavelength 532 nm) was used to perform the nanowelding of AgNWs on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. Key process parameters such as laser power, scan speed, and number of scans were studied and optimized, and mechanisms of observed phenomena are discussed. Our best result demonstrates a sheet resistance of 12 ohm/squ with a transmittance at λ = 550 nm of 92% for AgNW films on PET substrates. A transparent resistive heater was made, and IR pictures were taken to show the high uniformity of the CW laser nanowelded AgNW film. Our findings show that highly effective and efficient nanowelding can be achieved without the need of expensive pulse lasers or light sources, which may contribute to lower the cost of mass producing AgNWs on flexible substrates.
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Kao YC, Chou HM, Hsu SC, Lin A, Lin CC, Shih ZH, Chang CL, Hong HF, Horng RH. Performance comparison of III-V//Si and III-V//InGaAs multi-junction solar cells fabricated by the combination of mechanical stacking and wire bonding. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4308. [PMID: 30867491 PMCID: PMC6416321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of III–V and Si multi-junction solar cells as photovoltaic devices has been studied in order to achieve high photovoltaic conversion efficiency. However, large differences in the coefficients of thermal expansion and the lattice parameters of GaAs, Si, and InGaAs have made it difficult to obtain high-efficiency solar cells grown as epilayers on Si and InP substrates. In this paper, two types of devices, including GaInP/GaAs stacked on Si (GaInP/GaAs//Si) and GaInP/GaAs stacked on InGaAs (GaInP/GaAs//InGaAs), are fabricated via mechanical stacking and wire bonding technologies. Mechanically stacked GaInP/GaAs//Si and GaInP/GaAs//InGaAs triple-junction solar cells are prepared via glue bonding. Current-voltage measurements of the two samples are made at room temperature. The short-circuit current densities of the GaInP/GaAs//Si and GaInP/GaAs//InGaAs solar cells are 13.37 and 13.66 mA/cm2, while the open-circuit voltages of these two samples are measured to be 2.71 and 2.52 V, respectively. After bonding the GaInP/GaAs dual-junction with the Si and InGaAs solar cells, the conversion efficiency is relatively improved by 32.6% and 30.9%, respectively, compared to the efficiency of the GaInP/GaAs dual-junction solar cell alone. This study demonstrates the high potential of combining mechanical stacked with wire bonding and ITO films to achieve high conversion efficiency in solar cells with three or more junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Kao
- Graduate Institute of Precision Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hao-Ming Chou
- Institute of Electronics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shun-Chieh Hsu
- Institute of Photonic System, National Chiao Tung University, Tainan, 71150, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Albert Lin
- Institute of Electronics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Chung Lin
- Institute of Photonic System, National Chiao Tung University, Tainan, 71150, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Zun-Hao Shih
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER), Atomic Energy Council, Executive Yuan, Taoyuan, 32546, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Ling Chang
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER), Atomic Energy Council, Executive Yuan, Taoyuan, 32546, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hwen-Fen Hong
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER), Atomic Energy Council, Executive Yuan, Taoyuan, 32546, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ray-Hua Horng
- Graduate Institute of Precision Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Institute of Electronics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Yin F, Lu H, Pan H, Ji H, Pei S, Liu H, Huang J, Gu J, Li M, Wei J. Highly Sensitive and Transparent Strain Sensors with an Ordered Array Structure of AgNWs for Wearable Motion and Health Monitoring. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2403. [PMID: 30787401 PMCID: PMC6382792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38931-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensitivity and transparency are critical properties for flexible and wearable electronic devices, and how to engineer both these properties simultaneously is dramatically essential. Here, for the first time, we report the assembly of ordered array structures of silver nanowires (AgNWs) via a simple water-bath pulling method to align the AgNWs embedded on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Compared with sensors prepared by direct drop-casting or transfer-printing methods, our developed sensor represents a considerable breakthrough in both sensitivity and transparency. The maximum transmittance was 86.3% at a wavelength of 550 nm, and the maximum gauge factor was as high as 84.6 at a strain of 30%. This remarkably sensitive and transparent flexible sensor has strictly stable and reliable responses to motion capture and human body signals; it is also expected to be able to help monitor disabled physical conditions or assist medical therapy while ensuring privacy protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanqi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.,Center of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Huajun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.,Center of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.,Center of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hongjun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China. .,Center of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Shuai Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.,Center of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.,Center of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jiayi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.,Center of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.,Center of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.,Center of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wei
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, 73 Nanyang Drive, 637662, Singapore, Singapore
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