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Yachi Y, Matsuya Y, Yoshii Y, Fukunaga H, Date H, Kai T. An Analytical Method for Quantifying the Yields of DNA Double-Strand Breaks Coupled with Strand Breaks by γ-H2AX Focus Formation Assay Based on Track-Structure Simulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021386. [PMID: 36674901 PMCID: PMC9864015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex DNA double-strand break (DSB), which is defined as a DSB coupled with additional strand breaks within 10 bp in this study, induced after ionizing radiation or X-rays, is recognized as fatal damage which can induce cell death with a certain probability. In general, a DSB site inside the nucleus of live cells can be experimentally detected using the γ-H2AX focus formation assay. DSB complexity is believed to be detected by analyzing the focus size using such an assay. However, the relationship between focus size and DSB complexity remains uncertain. In this study, using Monte Carlo (MC) track-structure simulation codes, i.e., an in-house WLTrack code and a Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS), we developed an analytical method for qualifying the DSB complexity induced by photon irradiation from the microscopic image of γ-H2AX foci. First, assuming that events (i.e., ionization and excitation) potentially induce DNA strand breaks, we scored the number of events in a water cube (5.03 × 5.03 × 5.03 nm3) along electron tracks. Second, we obtained the relationship between the number of events and the foci size experimentally measured by the γ-H2AX focus formation assay. Third, using this relationship, we evaluated the degree of DSB complexity induced after photon irradiation for various X-ray spectra using the foci size, and the experimental DSB complexity was compared to the results estimated by the well-verified DNA damage estimation model in the PHITS code. The number of events in a water cube was found to be proportional to foci size, suggesting that the number of events intrinsically related to DSB complexity at the DNA scale. The developed method was applicable to focus data measured for various X-ray spectral situations (i.e., diagnostic kV X-rays and therapeutic MV X-rays). This method would contribute to a precise understanding of the early biological impacts of photon irradiation by means of the γ-H2AX focus formation assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Yachi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsuya
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Nuclear Science and Engineering Centre, Research Group for Radiation Transport Analysis, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Naka-gun 319-1195, Japan
- Correspondence: or (Y.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Yuji Yoshii
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Hisanori Fukunaga
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Date
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kai
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Nuclear Science and Engineering Centre, Research Group for Radiation Transport Analysis, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Naka-gun 319-1195, Japan
- Correspondence: or (Y.M.); (T.K.)
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