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Fang L, Geng C, Wei XY, Dong CC, Pang JP, Yan ZY, Jiang J, Tian YP, Li XD. Potato virus Y viral protein 6K1 inhibits the interaction between defense proteins during virus infection. Plant Physiol 2024; 194:1447-1466. [PMID: 37962935 PMCID: PMC10904343 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins play vital roles in plant defense against various pathogen invasions. To date, how 14-3-3 affects virus infections in plants remains largely unclear. In this study, we found that Nicotiana benthamiana 14-3-3h interacts with TRANSLATIONALLY CONTROLLED TUMOR PROTEIN (TCTP), a susceptibility factor of potato virus Y (PVY). Silencing of Nb14-3-3h facilitates PVY accumulation, whereas overexpression of Nb14-3-3h inhibits PVY replication. The antiviral activities of 3 Nb14-3-3h dimerization defective mutants are significantly decreased, indicating that dimerization of Nb14-3-3h is indispensable for restricting PVY infection. Our results also showed that the mutant Nb14-3-3hE16A, which is capable of dimerizing but not interacting with NbTCTP, has reduced anti-PVY activity; the mutant NbTCTPI65A, which is unable to interact with Nb14-3-3h, facilitates PVY replication compared with the wild-type NbTCTP, indicating that dimeric Nb14-3-3h restricts PVY infection by interacting with NbTCTP and preventing its proviral function. As a counter-defense, PVY 6K1 interferes with the interaction between Nb14-3-3h and NbTCTP by competitively binding to Nb14-3-3h and rescues NbTCTP to promote PVY infection. Our results provide insights into the arms race between plants and potyviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Fang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250131, China
| | - Chao Geng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xin-Yu Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Chen-Chen Dong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ju-Ping Pang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yan-Ping Tian
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250131, China
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Mirauti A, Tran PT, Citovsky V. Restriction-ligation-independent production of a TVCV infectious clone and a TVCV-based gene expression vector. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19855. [PMID: 37810018 PMCID: PMC10559237 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic expression of proteins in plants is central to research and biotechnology, and, often, it is desirable to obtain this expression without altering the nuclear or plastid genomes. Thus, expression vectors based on plant viruses that infect multiple cells are useful; furthermore, they are also advantageous for studies of the life cycle of the virus itself. Here, we report the development of an expression vector based on a Turnip vein-clearing virus (TVCV), a tobamovirus known to easily infect two model plants, Nicotiana benthamiana, and Arabidopsis thaliana. Avoiding restriction digestion, we utilized a restriction-ligation-independent cloning approach to construct an infectious cDNA clone of TVCV from the viral RNA and then to convert this clone to a gene expression vector adapted for Gateway-based recombination cloning for transgene insertion. The functionality of the resulting vector, designated pTVCV-DEST, was validated by the expression of an autofluorescent reporter transgene following agroinoculation of the target plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mirauti
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Phu-Tri Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Vitaly Citovsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
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Chen YL, Lin FW, Cheng KT, Chang CH, Hung SC, Efferth T, Chen YR. XCP1 cleaves Pathogenesis-related protein 1 into CAPE9 for systemic immunity in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4697. [PMID: 37542077 PMCID: PMC10403534 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic activation of cytokines regulates immunity in diverse organisms. In animals, cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play central roles in cytokine maturation. Although the proteolytic production of peptide cytokines is also essential for plant immunity, evidence for cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific proteases in regulating plant immunity is still limited. In this study, we found that the C-terminal proteolytic processing of a caspase-like substrate motif "CNYD" within Pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) generates an immunomodulatory cytokine (CAPE9) in Arabidopsis. Salicylic acid enhances CNYD-targeted protease activity and the proteolytic release of CAPE9 from PR1 in Arabidopsis. This process involves a protease exhibiting caspase-like enzyme activity, identified as Xylem cysteine peptidase 1 (XCP1). XCP1 exhibits a calcium-modulated pH-activity profile and a comparable activity to human caspases. XCP1 is required to induce systemic immunity triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns. This work reveals XCP1 as a key protease for plant immunity, which produces the cytokine CAPE9 from the canonical salicylic acid signaling marker PR1 to activate systemic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Lan Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Wei Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Tan Cheng
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsin Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Taiwan Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chi Hung
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yet-Ran Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
- Taiwan Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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Qiu Q, Tian X, Wu G, Wu J, Fan X, Yuan D. Comparative analysis of the transcriptome during single-seed formation of Castanea henryi: regulation of starch metabolism and endogenous hormones. BMC Plant Biol 2023; 23:90. [PMID: 36782110 PMCID: PMC9926639 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In seed plants, the ovule is the precursor to the seed. The process of ovule development and differentiation is regulated by multiple factors, including starch metabolism and endogenous hormones. Castanea henryi produces nuts with high nutritional value. However, the high proportion of empty buds restricts the commercial use of the tree. Previous studies have shown that the empty bud phenotype is closely related to ovule abortion. If none of the ovules in the ovary expand rapidly and develop in 7-8 weeks after pollination, an empty bud will form. Therefore, we studied the development and molecular mechanisms underlying single seed formation in C. henryi. RESULTS We found that 49 days after pollination (DAP) is a critical period for the formation of fertile and abortive ovules. The morphology and starch distribution of the fertile and abortive ovules differed significantly at 49 DAP. The fertile ovules were smooth and round in appearance, with a large amount of starch. In contrast, abortive ovules were smaller with only a small amount of starch. The embryo sac of the abortive ovule proceeded to develop abnormally, and the entire ovule lacked starch. We identified 37 candidate genes involved in metabolism with potential roles in the regulation of starch levels. Three ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) genes, one granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) gene, and two beta-amylase genes could affect starch accumulation. The levels of auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, and jasmonic acid in fertile ovules were higher than those in abortive ovules. In addition, the levels of endogenous abscisic acid and salicylic acid in abortive ovules were higher than those in fertile ovules of the same age, consistent with the expression patterns of genes related to the synthesis of abscisic and salicylic acid and signal transduction. We identified and mapped the differentially expressed genes associated with hormone synthesis and signal transduction. CONCLUSIONS These results improve our general understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying single seed development in C. henryi and the phenomenon of empty buds, providing directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- Key Lab of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | | | - Guolong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- Key Lab of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Juntao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- Key Lab of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Xiaoming Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
- Key Lab of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Deyi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
- Key Lab of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
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Vo Phan MS, Keren I, Tran PT, Lapidot M, Citovsky V. Arabidopsis LSH10 transcription factor and OTLD1 histone deubiquitinase interact and transcriptionally regulate the same target genes. Commun Biol 2023; 6:58. [PMID: 36650214 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone ubiquitylation/deubiquitylation plays a major role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. In plants, OTLD1, a member of the ovarian tumor (OTU) deubiquitinase family, deubiquitylates histone 2B and represses the expression of genes involved in growth, cell expansion, and hormone signaling. OTLD1 lacks the intrinsic ability to bind DNA. How OTLD1, as well as most other known plant histone deubiquitinases, recognizes its target genes remains unknown. Here, we show that Arabidopsis transcription factor LSH10, a member of the ALOG protein family, interacts with OTLD1 in living plant cells. Loss-of-function LSH10 mutations relieve the OTLD1-promoted transcriptional repression of the target genes, resulting in their elevated expression, whereas recovery of the LSH10 function results in down-regulated transcription of the same genes. We show that LSH10 associates with the target gene chromatin as well as with DNA sequences in the promoter regions of the target genes. Furthermore, without LSH10, the degree of H2B monoubiquitylation in the target promoter chromatin increases. Hence, our data suggest that OTLD1-LSH10 acts as a co-repressor complex potentially representing a general mechanism for the specific function of plant histone deubiquitinases at their target chromatin.
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Zhu Q, Feng Y, Xue J, Chen P, Zhang A, Yu Y. Advances in Receptor-like Protein Kinases in Balancing Plant Growth and Stress Responses. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:427. [PMID: 36771514 PMCID: PMC9919196 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Accompanying the process of growth and development, plants are exposed to ever-changing environments, which consequently trigger abiotic or biotic stress responses. The large protein family known as receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) is involved in the regulation of plant growth and development, as well as in the response to various stresses. Understanding the biological function and molecular mechanism of RLKs is helpful for crop breeding. Research on the role and mechanism of RLKs has recently received considerable attention regarding the balance between plant growth and environmental adaptability. In this paper, we systematically review the classification of RLKs, the regulatory roles of RLKs in plant development (meristem activity, leaf morphology and reproduction) and in stress responses (disease resistance and environmental adaptation). This review focuses on recent findings revealing that RLKs simultaneously regulate plant growth and stress adaptation, which may pave the way for the better understanding of their function in crop improvement. Although the exact crosstalk between growth constraint and plant adaptation remains elusive, a profound study on the adaptive mechanisms for decoupling the developmental processes would be a promising direction for the future research.
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Vo Phan MS, Tran PT, Citovsky V. Investigating Interactions Between Histone Modifying Enzymes and Transcription Factors in vivo by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer. J Vis Exp 2022:10.3791/64656. [PMID: 36314833 PMCID: PMC9629860 DOI: 10.3791/64656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is commonly affected by histone modifying enzymes (HMEs) that generate heterochromatic or euchromatic histone marks for transcriptional repression or activation, respectively. HMEs are recruited to their target chromatin by transcription factors (TFs). Thus, detecting and characterizing direct interactions between HMEs and TFs are critical for understanding their function and specificity better. These studies would be more biologically relevant if performed in vivo within living tissues. Here, a protocol is described for visualizing interactions in plant leaves between a plant histone deubiquitinase and a plant transcription factor using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), which allows the detection of complexes between protein molecules that are within <10 nm from each other. Two variations of the FRET technique are presented: SE-FRET (sensitized emission) and AB-FRET (acceptor bleaching), in which the energy is transferred non-radiatively from the donor to the acceptor or emitted radiatively by the donor upon photobleaching of the acceptor. Both SE-FRET and AB-FRET approaches can be adapted easily to discover other interactions between other proteins in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Sa Vo Phan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA,corresponding author: Mi Sa Vo Phan ()
| | - Phu Tri Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Vitaly Citovsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Jing X, Song X, Cai S, Wang P, Lu G, Yu L, Zhang C, Wu Z. Overexpression of OsHAK5 potassium transporter enhances virus resistance in rice (Oryza sativa). Mol Plant Pathol 2022; 23:1107-1121. [PMID: 35344250 PMCID: PMC9276945 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular potassium (K+ ) transported by plants under the action of a number of transport proteins is crucial for plant survival under distinct abiotic and biotic stresses. A correlation between K+ status and disease incidence has been found in many studies, but the roles of K+ in regulating disease resistance to viral diseases remain elusive. Here, we report that HIGH-AFFINITY K+ TRANSPORTER 5 (OsHAK5) regulates the infection of rice grassy stunt virus (RGSV), a negative-sense single-stranded bunyavirus, in rice (Oryza sativa). We found the K+ content in rice plants was significantly inhibited on RGSV infection. Meanwhile, a dramatic induction of OsHAK5 transcripts was observed in RGSV-infected rice plants and in rice plants with K+ deficiency. Genetic analysis indicated that disruption of OsHAK5 facilitated viral pathogenicity. In contrast, overexpression of OsHAK5 enhanced resistance to RGSV infection. Our analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including H2 O2 and O2- , by DAB and NBT staining, respectively, indicated that RGSV infection as well as OsHAK5 overexpression increased ROS accumulation in rice leaves. The accumulation of ROS is perhaps involved in the induction of host resistance against RGSV infection in OsHAK5 transgenic overexpression rice plants. Furthermore, RGSV-encoded P3 induced OsHAK5 promoter activity, suggesting that RGSV P3 is probably an elicitor for the induction of OsHAK5 transcripts during RGSV infection. These findings indicate the crucial role of OsHAK5 in host resistance to virus infection. Our results may be exploited in the future to increase crop yield as well as improve host resistance via genetic manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Jing
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Xia Song
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Shenglai Cai
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Pengyue Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Guodong Lu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Ling Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower‐Middle Reaches of the Yangtze RiverNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Zujian Wu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
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Aguilar E, Lozano-Durán R. On the inhibition of RNA silencing movement by the tombusvirus P19 protein: reliance on sRNA binding and correlation with local silencing suppression. New Phytol 2022; 235:830-835. [PMID: 35607937 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Aguilar
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, D-72076, Germany
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Medina-Puche L, Orílio AF, Zerbini FM, Lozano-Durán R. Small but mighty: Functional landscape of the versatile geminivirus-encoded C4 protein. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009915. [PMID: 34618877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The fast-paced evolution of viruses enables them to quickly adapt to the organisms they infect by constantly exploring the potential functional landscape of the proteins encoded in their genomes. Geminiviruses, DNA viruses infecting plants and causing devastating crop diseases worldwide, produce a limited number of multifunctional proteins that mediate the manipulation of the cellular environment to the virus’ advantage. Among the proteins produced by the members of this family, C4, the smallest one described to date, is emerging as a powerful viral effector with unexpected versatility. C4 is the only geminiviral protein consistently subjected to positive selection and displays a number of dynamic subcellular localizations, interacting partners, and functions, which can vary between viral species. In this review, we aim to summarize our current knowledge on this remarkable viral protein, encompassing the different aspects of its multilayered diversity, and discuss what it can teach us about geminivirus evolution, invasion requirements, and virulence strategies.
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Akhter MS, Nakahara KS, Masuta C. Resistance induction based on the understanding of molecular interactions between plant viruses and host plants. Virol J 2021; 18:176. [PMID: 34454519 PMCID: PMC8400904 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral diseases cause significant damage to crop yield and quality. While fungi- and bacteria-induced diseases can be controlled by pesticides, no effective approaches are available to control viruses with chemicals as they use the cellular functions of their host for their infection cycle. The conventional method of viral disease control is to use the inherent resistance of plants through breeding. However, the genetic sources of viral resistance are often limited. Recently, genome editing technology enabled the publication of multiple attempts to artificially induce new resistance types by manipulating host factors necessary for viral infection. MAIN BODY In this review, we first outline the two major (R gene-mediated and RNA silencing) viral resistance mechanisms in plants. We also explain the phenomenon of mutations of host factors to function as recessive resistance genes, taking the eIF4E genes as examples. We then focus on a new type of virus resistance that has been repeatedly reported recently due to the widespread use of genome editing technology in plants, facilitating the specific knockdown of host factors. Here, we show that (1) an in-frame mutation of host factors necessary to confer viral resistance, sometimes resulting in resistance to different viruses and that (2) certain host factors exhibit antiviral resistance and viral-supporting (proviral) properties. CONCLUSION A detailed understanding of the host factor functions would enable the development of strategies for the induction of a new type of viral resistance, taking into account the provision of a broad resistance spectrum and the suppression of the appearance of resistance-breaking strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shamim Akhter
- Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Gazipur, 1701, Bangladesh
| | - Kenji S Nakahara
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Chikara Masuta
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan.
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