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Yu C, Pike GM, Rinkoski TA, Correia C, Kaufmann SH, Federspiel MJ. Efficient method to optimize antibodies using avian leukosis virus display and eukaryotic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:9860-5. [PMID: 26216971 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414754112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based therapeutics have now had success in the clinic. The affinity and specificity of the antibody for the target ligand determines the specificity of therapeutic delivery and off-target side effects. The discovery and optimization of high-affinity antibodies to important therapeutic targets could be significantly improved by the availability of a robust, eukaryotic display technology comparable to phage display that would overcome the protein translation limitations of microorganisms. The use of eukaryotic cells would improve the diversity of the displayed antibodies that can be screened and optimized as well as more seamlessly transition into a large-scale mammalian expression system for clinical production. In this study, we demonstrate that the replication and polypeptide display characteristics of a eukaryotic retrovirus, avian leukosis virus (ALV), offers a robust, eukaryotic version of bacteriophage display. The binding affinity of a model single-chain Fv antibody was optimized by using ALV display, improving affinity >2,000-fold, from micromolar to picomolar levels. We believe ALV display provides an extension to antibody display on microorganisms and offers virus and cell display platforms in a eukaryotic expression system. ALV display should enable an improvement in the diversity of properly processed and functional antibody variants that can be screened and affinity-optimized to improve promising antibody candidates.
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Abstract
It is generally accepted that the immune system plays an important role in controlling tumour development. However, the interplay between tumour and immune system is complex, as demonstrated by the fact that tumours can successfully establish and develop despite the presence of T cells in tumour. An improved understanding of how tumours evade T-cell surveillance, coupled with technical developments allowing the culture and manipulation of T cells, has driven the exploration of therapeutic strategies based on the adoptive transfer of tumour-specific T cells. The isolation, expansion and re-infusion of large numbers of tumour-specific T cells generated from tumour biopsies has been shown to be feasible. Indeed, impressive clinical responses have been documented in melanoma patients treated with these T cells. These studies and others demonstrate the potential of T cells for the adoptive therapy of cancer. However, the significant technical issues relating to the production of natural tumour-specific T cells suggest that the application of this approach is likely to be limited at the moment. With the advent of retroviral gene transfer technology, it has become possible to efficiently endow T cells with antigen-specific receptors. Using this strategy, it is potentially possible to generate large numbers of tumour reactive T cells rapidly. This review summarises the current gene therapy approaches in relation to the development of adoptive T-cell-based cancer treatments, as these methods now head towards testing in the clinical trial setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mansoor
- Cancer Research UK, Department of Medical Oncology, University of Manchester, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - D E Gilham
- Cancer Research UK, Department of Medical Oncology, University of Manchester, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - F C Thistlethwaite
- Cancer Research UK, Department of Medical Oncology, University of Manchester, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - R E Hawkins
- Cancer Research UK, Department of Medical Oncology, University of Manchester, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
- Cancer Research UK, Department of Medical Oncology, University of Manchester, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, UK. E-mail:
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Dermime S, Gilham DE, Shaw DM, Davidson EJ, Meziane EK, Armstrong A, Hawkins RE, Stern PL. Vaccine and antibody-directed T cell tumour immunotherapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2004; 1704:11-35. [PMID: 15238242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2003] [Revised: 01/22/2004] [Accepted: 03/31/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Clearer evidence for immune surveillance in malignancy and the identification of many new tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) have driven novel vaccine and antibody-targeted responses for therapy in cancer. The exploitation of active immunisation may be particularly favourable for TAA where tolerance is incomplete but passive immunisation may offer an additional strategy where the immune repertoire is affected by either tolerance or immune suppression. This review will consider how to utilise both active and passive types of therapy delivered by T cells in the context of the failure of tumour-specific immunity by presenting cancer patients. This article will outline the progress, problems and prospects of several different vaccine and antibody-targeted approaches for immunotherapy of cancer where proof of principle pre-clinical studies have been or will soon be translated into the clinic. Two examples of vaccination-based therapies where both T cell- and antibody-mediated anti-tumour responses are likely to be relevant and two examples of oncofoetal antigen-specific antibody-directed T cell therapies are described in the following sections: (1) therapeutic vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) antigens in cervical neoplasia; (2) B cell lymphoma vaccines including against immunoglobulin idiotype; (3) oncofoetal antigens as tumour targets for redirecting T cells with antibody strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Dermime
- Immunology, Cancer Research UK Groups, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research and University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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Sheen AJ, Sherlock DJ, Irlam J, Hawkins RE, Gilham DE. T lymphocytes isolated from patients with advanced colorectal cancer are suitable for gene immunotherapy approaches. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:1119-27. [PMID: 12671714 PMCID: PMC2376387 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in treatment, the 5-year survival for metastatic colorectal cancer remains poor. Novel approaches such as gene immunotherapy are being investigated to improve treatment. Retroviral gene transfer methods have been shown to transduce primary human T lymphocytes effectively resulting in the expression of therapeutic genes. However, a number of defects have been identified in T lymphocytes isolated from patients bearing tumour, which may have critical implications for the development of gene-targeted T cells as an anticancer therapy. To address this issue, primary T lymphocytes were isolated from patients with advanced colorectal cancer and tested for their ability to be transduced and to express subsequently a chimeric immune receptor consisting of a single-chain antibody fragment antigen-binding moiety specific for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) fused to the T cell receptor (TCR) CD3zeta chain. In 10 out of 10 patients, T lymphocytes were transduced, expanded in the absence of selection and tested for functional activity against CEA-expressing tumour cells. In each case, functional-specific cytotoxic activity was observed. Negligible activity was found in control cultures. This study highlights the feasibility of patient-derived T lymphocytes as a source of immune cells for autologous gene immunotherapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Sheen
- Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
- Department of Surgery, North Manchester Healthcare NHS Trust, Manchester M8 5RB, UK
| | - D J Sherlock
- Department of Surgery, North Manchester Healthcare NHS Trust, Manchester M8 5RB, UK
| | - J Irlam
- Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - R E Hawkins
- Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
- Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK. E-mail:
| | - D E Gilham
- Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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