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Pagliano E, Nadeau K, Mihai O, Pihillagawa Gedara I, Mester Z. From sea salt to seawater: a novel approach for the production of water CRMs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022. [PMID: 35545684 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Natural water certified reference materials (CRMs) are mostly available in a liquid form, and they are produced starting from suitable environmental samples. Many precautions are usually needed to avoid biological or physical degradation, including filtration, acidification, and sterilization. In this study, the drawbacks associated with liquid-based seawater CRMs were tackled by developing a salt-based seawater proxy for nutrients that could be reconstituted in water solution just before use. Phosphate, silicate, and nitrate were chosen as target analytes. Sea salt mimicking the composition of seawater was spiked with an aqueous solution of the analytes and homogenized using a high-energy planetary ball mill (uhom < 1.2%). The salt powder CRM SALT-1 ( https://doi.org/10.4224/crm.2022.salt-1 ) demonstrated good short- and long-term stability for nutrients. When the SALT-1 was reconstituted in water at the 4.0% w/w level, the resulting solution had similar properties with respect to typical seawater in terms of major constituents (± 20%), trace metals, density (1.023 g/mL), pH (8.8-9.0), and optical properties relevant to the photometric characterization. Phosphate and silicate were quantified by photometry (molybdenum blue method, batch mode), whereas nitrate was quantified by isotope dilution GC-MS (uchar < 1.2%). In the SALT-1 reconstituted seawater solution at the 4.0% w/w salt level, the nutrient amount concentration was w(phosphate, PO43-) = 1.615 ± 0.030 μmol/L, w(silicate as SiO2) = 8.89 ± 0.31 μmol/L, and w(nitrate, NO3-) = 18.98 ± 0.45 μmol/L at the 95% confidence (k = 2). Overall, the SALT-1 CRM exhibits similar nutrient profile and general analytical characteristics as the MOOS-3 CRM. However, the SALT-1 has much reduced preparation, storage, and distribution cost, likely much better long-term stability, and it could enable the production of lower cost and more accessible seawater reference materials.
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Abstract
Background:
Speciation analysis is defined as the analytical activities of identifying and/or measuring the
quantities of one or more individual chemical species in a sample. The knowledge of elemental species provides more
complete information about mobility, bioavailability and the impact of elements on ecological systems or biological
organisms. It is no longer sufficient to quantitate the total elemental content of samples to define toxicity or essentiality.
Thus speciation analysis is of vital importance and generally offers a better understanding of a specific element.
Discussion:
Thorough speciation scheme consisting of sampling, sample preparation, species analysis and evaluation
were described. Special emphasis is placed on recent speciation analysis approaches including both direct and coupling
methods. A current summary of advantages and limitations of the various methods as well as an illustrative method
comparison are presented. Certain elements and species of interest are briefly mentioned and practical examples of
speciation applications in tobacco and other important economic crops are also discussed.
Aim/Conclusion:
This review aims to offer comprehensive knowledge about elemental speciation and provide readers
with valuable information. Many strategies have been developed for the determination of multiple elemental species in
tobacco and other important economic crops. Nevertheless, it is an eternal pursuit to establish speciation methods which
can balance accuracy, agility as well as universality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Jiang
- Tianjin Workstation, Technical Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Co., Ltd, China
| | - Zhizhang Tian
- Tianjin Workstation, Technical Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Co., Ltd, China
| | - Chuntao Zhang
- Tianjin Workstation, Technical Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Co., Ltd, China
| | - Dengke Li
- Tianjin Workstation, Technical Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Co., Ltd, China
| | - Ruoxin Wu
- Tianjin Workstation, Technical Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Co., Ltd, China
| | - Nan Tian
- Tianjin Workstation, Technical Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Co., Ltd, China
| | - Lixia Xing
- Tianjin Workstation, Technical Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Co., Ltd, China
| | - Lichao Ma
- Tianjin Workstation, Technical Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Co., Ltd, China
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Pađan J, Marcinek S, Cindrić AM, Layglon N, Lenoble V, Salaün P, Garnier C, Omanović D. Improved voltammetric methodology for chromium redox speciation in estuarine waters. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1089:40-47. [PMID: 31627817 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chromium is a toxic element naturally present in natural waters whose chemical speciation regulates its cycling, mobility and bioavailability. We present here: 1- an improved analytical method for chromium speciation (Cr(VI) vs Cr(III)) in estuarine samples by catalytic adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetric (cat-AdCSV) and 2- a study highlighting a significant change of redox speciation during summer and winter. Initial measurements first revealed that surface-active substances (SAS) present in estuarine samples strongly influenced the analytical determination of Cr by partially masking the Cr peak through an increase of the background current. We found that the application of a low negative accumulation potential (-1.65 V) resulted in much better voltammograms compared to those obtained using the usual accumulation potential of -1.0 V. Using humic acid (HA) as a model SAS of natural origin, we show that this negative potential clearly prevents adsorption of SAS on the Hg-electrode surface, which in turns benefits the adsorption of the in-situ formed Cr(III)-DTPA complex and the resulting signal. The optimised method was applied to determine chromium redox speciation and distribution along the 23 km long salinity gradient, well oxygenated, Krka River estuary (Croatia). Cr(VI) was found to be the dominant redox species in both summer and winter, with Cr(III) contribution being lower in summer (up to ∼30%, average of ∼5%) than in winter (up to ∼50%, average of ∼30%). In summer, lower concentrations of Cr(VI) were found in the freshwater end-member (2.5 nM) than in the seawater end-member (4-5 nM), while the opposite trend was found in winter. Hexavalent chromium exhibited a non-conservative behaviour along the salinity gradient for both seasons. Chromium predominantly exists in dissolved phase, and contribution of particles reactive Cr(III) was minor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Pađan
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Saša Marcinek
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana-Marija Cindrić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nicolas Layglon
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/INSU, Université de Toulon, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Veronique Lenoble
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/INSU, Université de Toulon, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Salaün
- Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool, L69 3GP, UK
| | - Cédric Garnier
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/INSU, Université de Toulon, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Dario Omanović
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Alves-Segundo R, Ibañez-Garcia N, Baeza M, Puyol M, Alonso-Chamarro J. Towards a monolithically integrated microsystem based on the green tape ceramics technology for spectrophotometric measurements. Determination of chromium (VI) in water. Mikrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-010-0459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Priego-Capote F, Luque de Castro MD. Speciation of chromium by in-capillary derivatization and electrophoretically mediated microanalysis. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1113:244-50. [PMID: 16483588 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An electrophoretic method for chromium speciation analysis--as Cr(III) and Cr(VI)--based on in-capillary derivatization with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC) is here proposed. As Cr(III) does not react with DPC, it was oxidized also in-capillary to Cr(VI) by Ce(IV). For this purpose, a capillary electrophoresis (CE) mode called electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (EMMA) based on sequential injection of sample and reagents--namely, DPC, sample and Ce(IV)--was employed. The conditions of both reactions--Cr(III) oxidation and Cr(VI)-DPC derivatization--were optimized in order to quantify separately the Cr(VI)-DPC complex from the original Cr(VI) in the sample and that from oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI). The electrophoretic conditions were independently optimized for variables influencing the resolution and those affecting sensitivity. The method thus developed was applied to the determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in glass material, for which different sample preparation methods--namely, EPA method 3060A, ultrasound-assisted leaching and microwave-assisted digestion--were tested. Microwave-assisted digestion was found to be the best sample preparation alternative in terms of efficiency of the step--99.6 and 98.3% for Cr(VI) and Cr(III), respectively--and procedure time--20 min. The complete method was validated with the certified reference material BAM-S004.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Priego-Capote
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex C-3, Campus of Rabanales, E-14071, Córdoba University, Spain.
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de la Guardia M, Morales-rubio A. Sample preparation for chromium speciation. Sample Preparation for Trace Element Analysis. Elsevier; 2003. pp. 1115-71. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(03)41035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Beauchemin D. Chapter 2 Flow injection techniques. Discrete Sample Introduction Techniques for Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Elsevier; 2000. pp. 213-346. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(00)34004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Clement
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of Environment, Canada
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