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Castro Garcia A, Ching PL, So RHY, Cheng S, Boonyubol S, Cross JS. Prediction of Higher Heating Values in Bio-Oil from Solvothermal Biomass Conversion and Bio-Oil Upgrading Given Discontinuous Experimental Conditions. ACS Omega 2023; 8:38148-38159. [PMID: 37867652 PMCID: PMC10586183 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Both the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to bio-oil (BO) and the upgrading of BO have been the targets of many studies. Due to the large diversity and discontinuity seen in terms of reaction conditions, catalysts, solvents, and feedstock properties that have been used, a comparison across different publications is difficult. In this study, machine learning modeling is used for the prediction of final higher heating value (HHV) and ΔHHV for the conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks to BO, and BO upgrading. The models achieved coefficient of determination (R2) scores ranging from 0.77 to 0.86, and the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values were used to obtain model explainability, revealing that only a few experimental parameters are largely responsible for the outcome of the experiments. In particular, process temperature and reaction time were overwhelmingly responsible for the majority of the predictions, for both final HHV and ΔHHV. Elemental composition of the starting feedstock or BO dictated the upper possible HHV value obtained after the experiment, which is in line with what is known from previous methodologies for calculating HHV for fuels. Solvent used, initial moisture concentration in BO, and catalyst active phase showed low predicting power, within the context of the data set used. The results of this study highlight experimental conditions and variables that could be candidates for the creation of minimum reporting guidelines for future studies in such a way that machine learning can be fully harnessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Castro Garcia
- Department
of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment
and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 S6-10, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Phoebe Lim Ching
- Bioengineering
Graduate Program, Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Richard HY So
- Department
of Industrial Engineering and Decision Analytics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Shuo Cheng
- Department
of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment
and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 S6-10, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Sasipa Boonyubol
- Department
of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment
and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 S6-10, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Jeffrey S. Cross
- Department
of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment
and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 S6-10, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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Shi M, Zhao X, Wang Q, Wu L. Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Co-Processing of Bio-Oil and Vacuum Gas Oil in an Existing Refinery. Processes (Basel) 2021; 9:187. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-cracking of vacuum gas oil (VGO) and bio-oil has been proposed to add renewable carbon into the co-processing products. However, the environmental performance of the co-processing scheme is still unclear. In this paper, the environmental impacts of the co-processing scheme are calculated by the end-point method Eco-indicator 99 based on the data from actual industrial operations and reports. Three scenarios, namely fast pyrolysis scenario, catalytic pyrolysis scenario and pure VGO scenario, for two cases with different FCC capacities and bio-oil co-processing ratios are proposed to present a comprehensive comparison on the environmental impacts of the co-processing scheme. In Case 1, the total environmental impact for the fast pyrolysis scenario is 1.14% less than that for the catalytic pyrolysis scenario while it is only 26.1% of the total impacts of the pure VGO scenario. In Case 2, the environmental impact of the fast pyrolysis scenario is 0.07% more than that of the catalytic pyrolysis and only 64.4% of the pure VGO scenario impacts. Therefore, the environmental impacts can be dramatically reduced by adding bio-oil as the FCC co-feed oil, and the optimal bio-oil production technology is strongly affected by FCC capacity and bio-oil co-processing ratio.
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Dwi Prasetyo W, Putra ZA, Bilad MR, Mahlia TMI, Wibisono Y, Nordin NAH, Wirzal MDH. Insight into the Sustainable Integration of Bio- and Petroleum Refineries for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051091. [PMID: 32403227 PMCID: PMC7284462 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A petroleum refinery heavily depends on crude oil as its main feedstock to produce liquid fuels and chemicals. In the long term, this unyielding dependency is threatened by the depletion of the crude oil reserve. However, in the short term, its price highly fluctuates due to various factors, such as regional and global security instability causing additional complexity on refinery production planning. The petroleum refining industries are also drawing criticism and pressure due to their direct and indirect impacts on the environment. The exhaust gas emission of automobiles apart from the industrial and power plant emission has been viewed as the cause of global warming. In this sense, there is a need for a feasible, sustainable, and environmentally friendly generation process of fuels and chemicals. The attention turns to the utilization of biomass as a potential feedstock to produce substitutes for petroleum-derived fuels and building blocks for biochemicals. Biomass is abundant and currently is still low in utilization. The biorefinery, a facility to convert biomass into biofuels and biochemicals, is still lacking in competitiveness to a petroleum refinery. An attractive solution that addresses both is by the integration of bio- and petroleum refineries. In this context, the right decision making in the process selection and technologies can lower the investment and operational costs and assure optimum yield. Process optimization based on mathematical programming has been extensively used to conduct techno-economic and sustainability analysis for bio-, petroleum, and the integration of both refineries. This paper provides insights into the context of crude oil and biomass as potential refinery feedstocks. The current optimization status of either bio- or petroleum refineries and their integration is reviewed with the focus on the methods to solve the multi-objective optimization problems. Internal and external uncertain parameters are important aspects in process optimization. The nature of these uncertain parameters and their representation methods in process optimization are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wegik Dwi Prasetyo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia; (W.D.P.); (N.A.H.N.); (M.D.H.W.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Pertamina, Jl.Teuku Nyak Arief, Simprug, Kebayoran Lama, Jakarta 12220, Indonesia
| | - Zulfan Adi Putra
- PETRONAS Group Technical Solutions, Project Delivery and Technology, PETRONAS, Kuala Lumpur 50050, Malaysia;
| | - Muhammad Roil Bilad
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia; (W.D.P.); (N.A.H.N.); (M.D.H.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia
- School of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Yusuf Wibisono
- Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Malang 65141, Indonesia;
| | - Nik Abdul Hadi Nordin
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia; (W.D.P.); (N.A.H.N.); (M.D.H.W.)
| | - Mohd Dzul Hakim Wirzal
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia; (W.D.P.); (N.A.H.N.); (M.D.H.W.)
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Estevez R, Aguado-deblas L, Bautista FM, Luna D, Luna C, Calero J, Posadillo A, Romero AA. Biodiesel at the Crossroads: A Critical Review. Catalysts 2019; 9:1033. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9121033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The delay in the energy transition, focused in the replacement of fossil diesel with biodiesel, is mainly caused by the need of reducing the costs associated to the transesterification reaction of vegetable oils with methanol. This reaction, on an industrial scale, presents several problems associated with the glycerol generated during the process. The costs to eliminate this glycerol have to be added to the implicit cost of using seed oil as raw material. Recently, several alternative methods to convert vegetable oils into high quality diesel fuels, which avoid the glycerol generation, are being under development, such as Gliperol, DMC-Biod, or Ecodiesel. Besides, there are renewable diesel fuels known as “green diesel”, obtained by several catalytic processes (cracking or pyrolysis, hydrodeoxygenation and hydrotreating) of vegetable oils and which exhibit a lot of similarities with fossil fuels. Likewise, it has also been addressed as a novel strategy, the use of straight vegetable oils in blends with various plant-based sources such as alcohols, vegetable oils, and several organic compounds that are renewable and biodegradable. These plant-based sources are capable of achieving the effective reduction of the viscosity of the blends, allowing their use in combustion ignition engines. The aim of this review is to evaluate the real possibilities that conventional biodiesel has in order to success as the main biofuel for the energy transition, as well as the use of alternative biofuels that can take part in the energy transition in a successful way.
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Zhao X, Wei L, Cheng S, Julson J. Review of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Catalytically Upgrading Vegetable Oils into Hydrocarbon Biofuels. Catalysts 2017; 7:83. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Cheng S, Wei L, Zhao X, Julson J. Application, Deactivation, and Regeneration of Heterogeneous Catalysts in Bio-Oil Upgrading. Catalysts 2016; 6:195. [DOI: 10.3390/catal6120195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Huynh T, Armbruster U, Kreyenschulte C, Nguyen L, Phan B, Nguyen D, Martin A. Understanding the Performance and Stability of Supported Ni-Co-Based Catalysts in Phenol HDO. Catalysts 2016; 6:176. [DOI: 10.3390/catal6110176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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