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Rehman HU, Zhang C, Liu X, Liu Y, Liu J, Tang C, Bai Q. Synthesis of hierarchically porous zirconium-based metal-organic framework@silica core-shell stationary phase through etching strategy for liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1709:464377. [PMID: 37741224 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) show promise to be employed as stationary phase for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), however, the microporous structures of MOFs seriously restrict the diffusion and mass transfer of solute molecules, leading to a low column efficiency. In this paper, the fabrication of hierarchically porous UiO-66@SiO2 (HP- UiO-66@SiO2) core-shell microspheres via H2O2 etching has been proposed as a viable approach to enhance the separation performance of MOFs-based columns for HPLC. Through the direct treatment of the preliminary prepared UiO-66@SiO2 microspheres with H2O2 etching, HP-UiO-66@SiO2 core-shell microspheres were successfully synthesized with an enlarged pore size of up to 9 nm, facilitating efficient mass transfer in chromatographic separation. The prepared HP-UiO-66@SiO2 core-shell microspheres were then explored as stationary phase in HPLC to separate the nonpolar alkyl benzene homologues, the polar aromatic alcohol homologues and the xylene isomers. The results indicated that the baseline separations of these solutes were achieved successfully with narrow peak width and higher resolution than the UiO-66@SiO2 column. The HP-UiO-66@SiO2 column exhibited superior separation performance, reaching a maximum plate number of 134,459/m for fluorene, and showing good reproducibility. As a result, this template-free approach suggests that the fabrication of hierarchically porous MOFs@silica core-shell microspheres is a successful approach to enhance the column efficiency of MOFs-based columns in HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Ur Rehman
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science in Shaanxi Province, Institute of Modern Separation Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science in Shaanxi Province, Institute of Modern Separation Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiangwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science in Shaanxi Province, Institute of Modern Separation Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science in Shaanxi Province, Institute of Modern Separation Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science in Shaanxi Province, Institute of Modern Separation Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Changwei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science in Shaanxi Province, Institute of Modern Separation Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Quan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science in Shaanxi Province, Institute of Modern Separation Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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Wang J, He Y, Wan X, Xie F, Sun Y, Li T, Xu Q, Zhao D, Qu Q. Core-shell metal-organic framework/silica hybrid with tunable shell structure as stationary phase for high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464164. [PMID: 37419017 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic framework/silica composite (SSU) were prepared by growing UiO-66 on the amino-functionalized SiO2 core-shell spheres (SiO2@dSiO2) via a simple one-pot synthesis approach. By controlling the concentration of Zr4+, the obtained SSU have two different morphologies: spheres-on-sphere and layer-on-sphere. The spheres-on-sphere structure is formed by the aggregation of UiO-66 nanocrystals on the surface of SiO2@dSiO2 spheres. SSU-5 and SSU-20, which contain spheres-on-sphere composites have mesopores with a pore size of about 45 nm in addition to the characteristic micropores of UiO-66 with a pore size of 1 nm. In addition, UiO-66 nanocrystals were grown both inside and outside the pores of SiO2@dSiO2, resulting in a 27% loading of UiO-66 in the SSU. The layer-on-sphere is the surface of SiO2@dSiO2 covered with a layer of UiO-66 nanocrystals. SSU with this structure has only a characteristic pore size of about 1 nm belonging to UiO-66 and is therefore not suitable as a packed stationary phase for high performance liquid chromatography. The SSU spheres were packed into columns and tested for the separation of xylene isomers, aromatics, biomolecules, acidic and basic analytes. With both micropores and mesopores, SSU with spheres-on-sphere structure achieved baseline separation of both small and large molecules. Efficiencies up to 48,150, 50,452 and 41,318 plates m - 1 were achieved for m-xylene, p-xylene and o-xylene, respectively. The relative standard deviations of the retention times of anilines for run-to-run, day-to-day and column-to-column were all less than 6.1%. The results show that the SSU with spheres-on-sphere structure has great potential for high performance chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecule Design and Interface Process, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Building Materials, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Yuqing He
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China
| | - Xiang Wan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecule Design and Interface Process, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Building Materials, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Fazhi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecule Design and Interface Process, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Building Materials, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Yuanshe Sun
- Dalian Elite Analytical Instruments Co. Ltd., Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Tong Li
- Dalian Elite Analytical Instruments Co. Ltd., Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Qin Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China
| | - Donglin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecule Design and Interface Process, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Building Materials, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Qishu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecule Design and Interface Process, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Building Materials, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
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3
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Luzanova VD, Rozhmanova NB, Volgin YV, Nesterenko PN. The use of zeolite 13X as a stationary phase for direct determination of water in organic solvents by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1239:340697. [PMID: 36628765 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for direct determination of water impurities in various organic solvents using a column (50 × 4.6 mm, ID) packed with 5 μm faujasite and methanol as an eluent was developed. Detection of the water peaks was performed by using either refractometric or indirect spectrophotometric method at 204 nm. In the first case the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.001 wt% and 0.0033 wt%, respectively for a sample volume of 20 μL. A linear calibration plot (R2 = 0.9998) for the water content between 0.01 and 9.55 wt% was obtained. The developed method was applied for the direct analysis of various polar organic solvents including acetonitrile, nitromethane, 1,4-dioxane, 2-ethoxyethanol, methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol and 2-propanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia D Luzanova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina B Rozhmanova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri V Volgin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel N Nesterenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
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Onuchak LA, Kopytin KA, Kuraeva YG, Pariichuk MY, Martina YV, Vinogradov NA, Alexandrov EV. Adsorption Properties and Gas Chromatographic Application of a Composite Surface-layer Sorbent with Terephthalic Acid-Based Metal-Organic Framework. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1679:463373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Kotova AA, Thiebaut D, Vial J, Tissot A, Serre C. Metal-organic frameworks as stationary phases for chromatography and solid phase extraction: A review. Coord Chem Rev 2022; 455:214364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Gutiérrez-serpa A, Jiménez-abizanda AI, Jiménez-moreno F, Pasán J, Pino V. Core-shell microparticles formed by the metal-organic framework CIM-80(Al) (Silica@CIM-80(Al)) as sorbent material in miniaturized dispersive solid-phase extraction. Talanta 2020; 211:120723. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zuo H, Guo Y, Zhao W, Hu K, Wang X, He L, Zhang S. Controlled Fabrication of Silica@Covalent Triazine Polymer Core-Shell Spheres as a Reversed-Phase/Hydrophilic Interaction Mixed-Mode Chromatographic Stationary Phase. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:46149-46156. [PMID: 31702125 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The unique properties of covalent triazine-based organic framework/polymers, including large surface area, hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced adsorption, and economical preparation, make it a promising candidate as a stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography. However, irregular shapes and wide size distributions of such particles hinder column packing, resulting in a low column efficiency or a high back pressure. Herein, we describe the fabrication of SiO2@ covalent triazine-based organic polymer (CTP) core-shell microspheres with a distinct sphere-coating-sphere appearance using aminosilica as the supporting substrate to grow the CTP shell. By adjusting the amount of reactants, the thickness of the CTP shell, which consists of triazine and 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene monomers, was easily controlled. The developed core-shell microspheres were characterized via scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, and N2 adsorption experiments. The synergism of the triazine and aromatic moieties on CTP provides the new stationary phase with multiple retention mechanisms, including hydrophobic, π-π, electron donor-acceptor, hydrogen-bonding interactions, and so forth. On the basis of these interactions, successful separation and higher shape selectivity were achieved among several analytes that vary in polarity under both reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography conditions. Therefore, SiO2@CTP microspheres combine the advantages of good column packing properties of the uniform monodisperse silica microspheres and the recognition performance of CTP, generating flexible selectivity and application prospect for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Zuo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Henan University of Technology , Zhengzhou 450001 , Henan , People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Guo
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Henan University of Technology , Zhengzhou 450001 , Henan , People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Hu
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Zhengzhou 450008 , People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoYu Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC , Zhengzhou 450008 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun He
- School of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Henan University of Technology , Zhengzhou 450001 , Henan , People's Republic of China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Chromatographic separation has been widely applied in various fields, such as chemical engineering, precision medicine, energy, and biology. Because chromatographic separation is based on differential partitioning between the mobile phase and stationary phase and affected by band dispersion and mass transfer resistance from these two phases, the materials used as the stationary phase play a decisive role in separation performance. In this review, we discuss the design of separation materials to achieve the separation with high efficiency and high resolution and highlight the well-defined materials with uniform pore structure and unique properties. The achievements, recent developments, challenges, and future trends of such materials are discussed. Furthermore, the surface functionalization of separation ma-terials for further improvement of separation performance is reviewed. Finally, future research directions and the challenges of chromatographic separation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China;
| | - Lihua Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China;
| | - Yukui Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China;
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Gao B, Huang M, Zhang Z, Yang Q, Su B, Yang Y, Ren Q, Bao Z. Hybridization of metal–organic framework and monodisperse spherical silica for chromatographic separation of xylene isomers. Chin J Chem Eng 2019; 27:818-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Al-Aqbi ZT, Yap YC, Li F, Breadmore MC. Integrated Microfluidic Devices Fabricated in Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) for On-site Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Aminoglycosides in Whole Blood. Biosensors (Basel) 2019; 9:bios9010019. [PMID: 30704056 PMCID: PMC6468438 DOI: 10.3390/bios9010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
On-site therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is important for providing a quick and accurate dosing to patients in order to improve efficacy and minimize toxicity. Aminoglycosides such as amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin are important antibiotics that have been commonly used to treat infections of chronic bacterial infections in the urinary tract, lung, and heart. However, these aminoglycosides can lead to vestibular and auditory dysfunction. Therefore, TDM of aminoglycosides is important due to their ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Here, we have developed a hot embossed poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microfluidic device featuring an electrokinetic size and mobility trap (SMT) to purify, concentrate, and separate the aminoglycoside antibiotic drugs amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. These drugs were separated successfully from whole blood within 3 min, with 30-fold lower detection limits compared to a standard pinched injection. The limit of detections (LOD) were 3.75 µg/mL for gentamicin, 8.53 µg/mL for amikacin, and 6.00 µg/mL for tobramycin. These are sufficient to cover the therapeutic range for treating sepsis of 6⁻10 μg/mL gentamicin and tobramycin and 12⁻20 μg/mL of amikacin. The device is simple and could be mass produced via embossing or injection molding approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaidon T Al-Aqbi
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
- College of Agriculture, University of Misan, Al-amarah, Misan 62001, Iraq.
| | - Yiing C Yap
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
| | - Feng Li
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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Maya F, Palomino Cabello C, Figuerola A, Turnes Palomino G, Cerdà V. Immobilization of Metal–Organic Frameworks on Supports for Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Separation. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3616-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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12
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Zhang J, Chen Z. Metal-organic frameworks as stationary phase for application in chromatographic separation. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1530:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Maya F, Palomino Cabello C, Ghani M, Turnes Palomino G, Cerdà V. Emerging materials for sample preparation. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:262-287. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Maya
- Department of Chemistry; University of the Balearic Islands; Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | | | - Milad Ghani
- Department of Chemistry; University of the Balearic Islands; Palma de Mallorca Spain
- Department of Chemistry; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan Iran
| | - Gemma Turnes Palomino
- Department of Chemistry; University of the Balearic Islands; Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Víctor Cerdà
- Department of Chemistry; University of the Balearic Islands; Palma de Mallorca Spain
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Arrua RD, Peristyy A, Nesterenko PN, Das A, D'Alessandro DM, Hilder EF. UiO-66@SiO2 core–shell microparticles as stationary phases for the separation of small organic molecules. Analyst 2017; 142:517-524. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an02344d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microparticles decorated with metal–organic frameworks exhibited a unique flow-dependent separation selectivity (FDSS) effect for the isocratic separation of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. D. Arrua
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS)
- School of Physical Sciences
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart 7001
- Australia
| | - A. Peristyy
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS)
- School of Physical Sciences
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart 7001
- Australia
| | - P. N. Nesterenko
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS)
- School of Physical Sciences
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart 7001
- Australia
| | - A. Das
- School of Chemistry F11
- University of Sydney
- Australia
| | | | - E. F. Hilder
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS)
- School of Physical Sciences
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart 7001
- Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Martino Rimoldi
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ashlee J. Howarth
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew R. DeStefano
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lu Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Subhadip Goswami
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Peng Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T. Hupp
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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