1
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Dhaka A, Jeon IR, Fourmigué M. Selective Activation of Chalcogen Bonding: An Efficient Structuring Tool toward Crystal Engineering Strategies. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:362-374. [PMID: 38275221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusAmong the noncovalent interactions available in the toolbox of crystal engineering, chalcogen bonding (ChB) has recently entered the growing family of σ-hole interactions, following the strong developments based on the halogen bonding (XB) interaction over the last 30 years. The monovalent character of halogens provides halogen bonding directionality and strength. Combined with the extensive organic chemistry of Br and I derivatives, it has led to many applications of XB, in solution (organo-catalysis, anion recognition and transport), in the solid state (cocrystals, conducting materials, fluorescent materials, topochemical reactions, ...), in soft matter (liquid crystals, gels,···), and in biochemistry. The recognition of the presence of two σ-holes on divalent chalcogens and the ability to activate them, as in XB, with electron-withdrawing groups (EWG) has fueled more recent interest in chalcogen bonding. However, despite being identified for many years, ChB still struggles to make a mark due to (i) the underdeveloped synthetic chemistry of heavier Se and Te; (ii) the limited stability of organic chalcogenides, especially tellurides; and (iii) the poor predictability of ChB associated with the presence of two σ-holes. It therefore invites a great deal of attention of molecular chemists to design and develop selected ChB donors, for the scrutiny of fundamentals of ChB and their successful use in different applications. This Account aims to summarize our own contributions in this direction that extend from fundamental studies focused on addressing the lack of directionality/predictability in ChB to a systematic demonstration of its potential, specifically in crystal engineering, and particularly toward anionic networks on the one hand, topochemical reactions on the other hand.In this Account, we share our recent results aimed at recovering with ChB the same degree of strength and predictability found with XB, by focusing on divalent Se and Te systems with two different substituents, one of them with an EWG, to strongly unbalance both σ-holes. For that purpose, we explored this dissymmetrization concept within three chemical families, selenocyanates R-SeCN, alkynyl derivatives R-C≡C-(Se/Te)Me, and o-carborane derivatives. Such compounds were systematically engaged in cocrystals with either halides or neutral bipyridines as ChB acceptors, revealing their strong potential to chelate halides as well as their ability to organize reactive molecules such as alkenes and butadiynes toward [2+2] cycloadditions and polydiacetylene formation, respectively. This selective activation concept is not limited to ChB but can be effectively used on all other σ-hole interactions (pnictogen bond, tetrel bond, etc.) where one needs to control the directionality of the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Dhaka
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226 (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Ie-Rang Jeon
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226 (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Marc Fourmigué
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226 (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France
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2
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Taylor AJ, Hein R, Patrick SC, Davis JJ, Beer PD. Anion Sensing through Redox-Modulated Fluorescent Halogen Bonding and Hydrogen Bonding Hosts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315959. [PMID: 38063409 PMCID: PMC10952190 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Anion sensing via either optical or electrochemical readouts has separately received enormous attention, however, a judicious combination of the advantages of both modalities remains unexplored. Toward this goal, we herein disclose a series of novel, redox-active, fluorescent, halogen bonding (XB) and hydrogen bonding (HB) BODIPY-based anion sensors, wherein the introduction of a ferrocene motif induces remarkable changes in the fluorescence response. Extensive fluorescence anion titration, lifetime and electrochemical studies reveal anion binding-induced emission modulation through intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer (PET), the magnitude of which is dependent on the nature of both the XB/HB donor and anion. Impressively, the XB sensor outperformed its HB congener in terms of anion binding strength and fluorescence switching magnitude, displaying significant fluorescence turn-OFF upon anion binding. In contrast, redox-inactive control receptors display a turn-ON response, highlighting the pronounced impact of the introduction of the redox-active ferrocene on the optical sensing performance. Additionally, the redox-active ferrocene motif also serves as an electrochemical reporter group, enabling voltammetric anion sensing in competitive solvents. The combined advantages of both sensing modalities were further exploited in a novel, proof-of-principle, fluorescence spectroelectrochemical anion sensing approach, enabling simultaneous and sensitive read out of optical and electrochemical responses in multiple oxidation states and at very low receptor concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Taylor
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
| | - Robert Hein
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
| | - Sophie C. Patrick
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
| | - Jason J. Davis
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
| | - Paul D. Beer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
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3
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Hein R, Beer PD. Halogen bonding and chalcogen bonding mediated sensing. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7098-7125. [PMID: 35799814 PMCID: PMC9214886 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01800d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sigma-hole interactions, in particular halogen bonding (XB) and chalcogen bonding (ChB), have become indispensable tools in supramolecular chemistry, with wide-ranging applications in crystal engineering, catalysis and materials chemistry as well as anion recognition, transport and sensing. The latter has very rapidly developed in recent years and is becoming a mature research area in its own right. This can be attributed to the numerous advantages sigma-hole interactions imbue in sensor design, in particular high degrees of selectivity, sensitivity and the capability for sensing in aqueous media. Herein, we provide the first detailed overview of all developments in the field of XB and ChB mediated sensing, in particular the detection of anions but also neutral (gaseous) Lewis bases. This includes a wide range of optical colorimetric and luminescent sensors as well as an array of electrochemical sensors, most notably redox-active host systems. In addition, we discuss a range of other sensor designs, including capacitive sensors and chemiresistors, and provide a detailed overview and outlook for future fundamental developments in the field. Importantly the sensing concepts and methodologies described herein for the XB and ChB mediated sensing of anions, are generically applicable for the development of supramolecular receptors and sensors in general, including those for cations and neutral molecules employing a wide array of non-covalent interactions. As such we believe this review to be a useful guide to both the supramolecular and general chemistry community with interests in the fields of host-guest recognition and small molecule sensing. Moreover, we also highlight the need for a broader integration of supramolecular chemistry, analytical chemistry, synthetic chemistry and materials science in the development of the next generation of potent sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hein
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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4
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Hein R, Docker A, Davis JJ, Beer PD. Redox-Switchable Chalcogen Bonding for Anion Recognition and Sensing. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8827-8836. [PMID: 35522996 PMCID: PMC9121379 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the success of its related sigma-hole congener halogen bonding (XB), chalcogen bonding (ChB) is emerging as a powerful noncovalent interaction with a plethora of applications in supramolecular chemistry and beyond. Despite its increasing importance, the judicious modulation of ChB donor strength remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we present, for the first time, the reversible and large-scale modulation of ChB potency by electrochemical redox control. This is exemplified by both the switching-ON of anion recognition via ChB oxidative activation of a novel bis(ferrocenyltellurotriazole) anion host and switching-OFF reductive ChB deactivation of anion binding potency with a telluroviologen receptor. The direct linking of the redox-active center and ChB receptor donor sites enables strong coupling, which is reflected by up to a remarkable 3 orders of magnitude modulation of anion binding strength. This is demonstrated through large voltammetric perturbations of the respective receptor ferrocene and viologen redox couples, enabling, for the first time, ChB-mediated electrochemical anion sensing. The sensors not only display significant anion-binding-induced electrochemical responses in competitive aqueous-organic solvent systems but can compete with, or even outperform similar, highly potent XB and HB sensors. These observations serve to highlight a unique (redox) tunability of ChB and pave the way for further exploration of the reversible (redox) modulation of ChB in a wide range of applications, including anion sensors as well as molecular switches and machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hein
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Andrew Docker
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Jason J Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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5
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Hijazi H, Levillain E, Schöllhorn B, Fave C. Sensitive detection of halides and nitrate in organic and aqueous solvents via selective halogen bonding on TTF‐SAM modified platinum electrodes. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Hijazi
- Universite de Paris Faculte des Sciences Chemistry Paris FRANCE
| | - Eric Levillain
- Université d'Angers: Universite d'Angers chemistry FRANCE
| | - Bernd Schöllhorn
- University of Paris Sciences Faculty: Universite de Paris Faculte des Sciences Chemistry 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf 75013 Paris FRANCE
| | - Claire Fave
- Universite de Paris Faculte des Sciences chemistry FRANCE
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6
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Beau M, Jeannin O, Fourmigué M, Auban-Senzier P, Barrière F, Jeon IR. Oxidation-induced activation of chalcogen bonding in redox-active bis(selenomethyl)tetrathiafulvalene derivatives. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce01168a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tetrathiafulvalene, upon its oxidation, activates Se-atoms and consequently drives a strong and directional chalcogen bonding interaction with a bromide anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Beau
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), Campus de Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Jeannin
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), Campus de Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Marc Fourmigué
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), Campus de Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Pascale Auban-Senzier
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR 8502 CNRS-Université Paris-Saclay, Bat 510, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Barrière
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), Campus de Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Ie-Rang Jeon
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), Campus de Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes, France
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7
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Rabaça S, Santos IC, Lopes G, da Gama V, Veiros LF, Almeida M. C–H⋯NC hydrogen bonding in cyanobenzene-ethylenedithio-tetrathiafulvalene compounds. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01551f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The importance of C–H⋯NC interactions, which although generally considered weak, are effective in the self-assembly of crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rabaça
- C2TN and DECN, IST, Universidade de Lisboa, E.N. 10, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Isabel C. Santos
- C2TN and DECN, IST, Universidade de Lisboa, E.N. 10, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Lopes
- C2TN and DECN, IST, Universidade de Lisboa, E.N. 10, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Vasco da Gama
- C2TN and DECN, IST, Universidade de Lisboa, E.N. 10, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Luís F. Veiros
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuel Almeida
- C2TN and DECN, IST, Universidade de Lisboa, E.N. 10, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
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8
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Seah GEKK, Tan AYX, Neo ZH, Lim JYC, Goh SS. Halogen Bonding Ionophore for Potentiometric Iodide Sensing. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15543-15549. [PMID: 34767713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Iodide (I-) is an essential micronutrient for thyroid function. Hence, rapid and portable sensing is important for I- quantification in food and biological samples. Herein, we report the first example of a halogen bonding (XB) tripodal ionophore (XB1) which is selective for the I- anion. NMR binding studies of XB1 and its H-triazole analog HB2 with I- demonstrated the dominant influence of XB interactions between the ionophore and the I- analyte. The phase boundary model was applied to formulate iodide-selective electrodes with the ionophore XB1. The optimal electrode exhibited a near-Nernstian response of -51.9 mV per decade within a large dynamic range (10-1 to 10-6 M) and notably anti-Hofmeister selectivity for I- over thiocyanate (SCN-), enabling the in situ determination of I- in complex samples. This work establishes XB as a viable supramolecular interaction in the potentiometric sensing of anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina E K K Seah
- Institute of Material Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Research Entities, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Angeline Y X Tan
- Institute of Material Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Research Entities, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Zhi Hao Neo
- Institute of Material Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Research Entities, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Jason Y C Lim
- Institute of Material Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Research Entities, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Shermin S Goh
- Institute of Material Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Research Entities, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
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9
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Patrick SC, Hein R, Beer PD, Davis JJ. Continuous and Polarization-Tuned Redox Capacitive Anion Sensing at Electroactive Interfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19199-19206. [PMID: 34730337 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Continuous, real-time ion sensing is of great value across various environmental and medical scenarios but remains underdeveloped. Herein, we demonstrate the potential of redox capacitance spectroscopy as a sensitive and highly adaptable ion sensing methodology, exemplified by the continuous flow sensing of anions at redox-active halogen bonding ferrocenylisophthalamide self-assembled monolayers. Upon anion binding, the redox distribution of the electroactive interface, and its associated redox capacitance, are reversibly modulated, providing a simple and direct sensory readout. Importantly, the redox capacitance can be monitored at a freely chosen, constant electrode polarization, providing a facile means of tuning both the sensor analytical performance and the anion binding affinity, by up to 1 order of magnitude. In surpassing standard voltammetric methods in terms of analytical performance and adaptability, these findings pave the way for the development of highly sensitive and uniquely tunable ion sensors. More generally, this methodology also serves as a powerful and unprecedented means of simultaneously modulating and monitoring the thermodynamics and kinetics of host-guest interactions at redox-active interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Robert Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Jason J Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
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10
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Cheong Tse Y, Hein R, Mitchell EJ, Zhang Z, Beer PD. Halogen-Bonding Strapped Porphyrin BODIPY Rotaxanes for Dual Optical and Electrochemical Anion Sensing. Chemistry 2021; 27:14550-14559. [PMID: 34319624 PMCID: PMC8596797 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Anion receptors employing two distinct sensory mechanisms are rare. Herein, we report the first examples of halogen-bonding porphyrin BODIPY [2]rotaxanes capable of both fluorescent and redox electrochemical sensing of anions. 1 H NMR, UV/visible and electrochemical studies revealed rotaxane axle triazole group coordination to the zinc(II) metalloporphyrin-containing macrocycle component, serves to preorganise the rotaxane binding cavity and dramatically enhances anion binding affinities. Mechanically bonded, integrated-axle BODIPY and macrocycle strapped metalloporphyrin motifs enable the anion recognition event to be sensed by the significant quenching of the BODIPY fluorophore and cathodic perturbations of the metalloporphyrin P/P+. redox couple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen Cheong Tse
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Robert Hein
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Edward J. Mitchell
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Zongyao Zhang
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Paul D. Beer
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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11
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Patrick SC, Hein R, Docker A, Beer PD, Davis JJ. Solvent Effects in Halogen and Hydrogen Bonding Mediated Electrochemical Anion Sensing in Aqueous Solution and at Interfaces. Chemistry 2021; 27:10201-10209. [PMID: 33881781 PMCID: PMC8360193 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sensing anionic species in competitive aqueous media is a well-recognised challenge to long-term applications across a multitude of fields. Herein, we report a comprehensive investigation of the electrochemical anion sensing performance of novel halogen bonding (XB) and hydrogen bonding (HB) bis-ferrocene-(iodo)triazole receptors in solution and at self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), in a range of increasingly competitive aqueous organic solvent media (ACN/H2 O). In solution, the XB sensor notably outperforms the HB sensor, with substantial anion recognition induced cathodic voltammetric responses of the ferrocene/ferrocenium redox couple persisting even in highly competitive aqueous solvent media of 20 % water content. The response to halides, in particular, shows a markedly lower sensitivity to increasing water content associated with a unique halide selectivity at unprecedented levels of solvent polarity. The HB sensor, in contrast, generally displayed a preference towards oxoanions. A significant surface-enhancement effect was observed for both XB/HB receptive films in all solvent systems, whereby the HB sensor generally displayed larger responses towards oxoanions than its halogen bonding analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C. Patrick
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
| | - Robert Hein
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
| | - Andrew Docker
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
| | - Paul D. Beer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
| | - Jason J. Davis
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
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12
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Czarny RS, Ho AN, Shing Ho P. A Biological Take on Halogen Bonding and Other Non-Classical Non-Covalent Interactions. CHEM REC 2021; 21:1240-1251. [PMID: 33886153 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Classical hydrogen bonds have, for many decades, been the dominant non-covalent interaction in the toolbox that chemists and chemical engineers have used to design and control the structures of compounds and molecular assemblies as novel materials. Recently, a set of non-classical non-covalent (NC-NC) interactions have emerged that exploit the properties of the Group IV, V, VI, and VII elements of the periodic table (the tetrel, pnictogen, chalcogen, and halogen bonds, respectively). Our research group has been characterizing the prevalence, geometric constraints, and structure-function relationship specifically of the halogen bond in biological systems. We have been particularly interested in exploiting the biological halogen bonds (or BXBs) to control the structures, stabilities, and activities of biomolecules, including the DNA Holliday junction and enzymes. In this review, we first provide a set of criteria for how to determine whether BXBs or any other NC-NC interactions would have biological relevance. We then navigate the trail of studies that had led us from an initial, very biological question to our current point in the journey to establish BXBs as a tool for biomolecular engineering. Finally, we close with a perspective on future directions for this line of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Czarny
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1870, USA
| | - Alexander N Ho
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1870, USA
| | - P Shing Ho
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1870, USA
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13
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Engelage E, Hijazi H, Gartmann M, Chamoreau LM, Schöllhorn B, Huber SM, Fave C. Towards redox-switchable organocatalysts based on bidentate halogen bond donors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:4344-4352. [PMID: 33588428 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06612e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Redox-active bidentate halogen bond donors based on halopyridinium groups as halogen-bond donating units were synthesized and their structures were elucidated by X-ray diffraction analyses and DFT calculations. Via reversible twofold reduction, these dicationic species can be transformed to neutral compounds which should be much weaker Lewis acids. The corresponding electrochemical data were obtained, and CV as well as UV-vis and NMR techniques were also used to determine binding constants of these halogen bond donors to halides. While all titrations agree on the relative order of binding strengths (with chloride being bound strongest), there are marked deviations in the overall affinity constants which are discussed. In contrast to earlier azo-bridge analogues, the ethylene-linked variants presented herein do not oxidize halides, and thus the novel halogen bond donors could also be used as Lewis acidic organocatalysts in a halide abstraction benchmark reaction, yielding a performance similar to bis(haloimidazolium)-derived catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Engelage
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - H Hijazi
- Université de Paris - Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - M Gartmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - L-M Chamoreau
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, CNRS - Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - B Schöllhorn
- Université de Paris - Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - S M Huber
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - C Fave
- Université de Paris - Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
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14
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Hein R, Li X, Beer PD, Davis JJ. Enhanced voltammetric anion sensing at halogen and hydrogen bonding ferrocenyl SAMs. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2433-2440. [PMID: 34164009 PMCID: PMC8179314 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06210c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Halogen bonding mediated electrochemical anion sensing has very recently been established as a potent platform for the selective and sensitive detection of anions, although the principles that govern binding and subsequent signal transduction remain poorly understood. Herein we address this challenge by providing a comprehensive study of novel redox-active halogen bonding (XB) and hydrogen bonding (HB) ferrocene-isophthalamide-(iodo)triazole receptors in solution and at self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Under diffusive conditions the sensory performance of the XB sensor was significantly superior. In molecular films the XB and HB binding motifs both display a notably enhanced, but similar, response to specific anions. Importantly, the enhanced response of these films is rationalised by a consideration of the (interfacial) dielectric microenvironment. These effects, and the resolved relationship between anion binding and signal transduction, underpin an improved fundamental understanding of anion sensing at redox-active interfaces which will benefit not just the development of more potent, real-life relevant, sensors but also new tools to study host–guest interactions at interfaces. Surface enhancement effects in the sensing of anions at redox-active molecular films are investigated in detail and rationalised based on a consideration of the dielectric binding microenvironment.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Xiaoxiong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Jason J Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
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15
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Beau M, Jeannin O, Lee S, Barrière F, Fourmigué M, Jeon IR. Activating both Halogen and Chalcogen Bonding Interactions in Cation Radical Salts of Iodinated Tetrathiafulavalene Derivatives. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2136-2142. [PMID: 32856428 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Halogen bonding (XB) interactions are investigated in cation radical salts of bis(methylthio)-5,5'-diiodotetrathiafulvalene (1). Electrocrystallization of 1 in the presence of Bu4 NCl affords a 1 : 1 salt formulated as (E-1)Cl. Particularly strong I⋅⋅⋅Cl- XB interactions are observed around the Cl- anion with the distances at 78 % the sum of the van der Waals radii, a consequence of the XB charge activation in the cation radical. Moreover, the Cl- environment is complemented by two extra S⋅⋅⋅Cl- chalcogen bonding (ChB) interactions, an original feature among reported halide salts of TTF derivatives. Electrostatic potential calculations on the cation radical further demonstrate the efficient activation of the S atoms of the 1,3-dithiole rings (Vs,max =87.2 kcal/mol), as strong as with the iodine atoms (Vs,max =87.9 kcal/mol). The radical cations form weakly dimerized stacks, as confirmed by the variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and the weak conductivity (4.8×10-5 S cm-1 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Beau
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), Campus de Beaulieu, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Jeannin
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), Campus de Beaulieu, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Sunhee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, 01797 (Republic of, Korea
| | - Frédéric Barrière
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), Campus de Beaulieu, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Marc Fourmigué
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), Campus de Beaulieu, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Ie-Rang Jeon
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), Campus de Beaulieu, 35000, Rennes, France
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16
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Abstract
Anions play a vital role in a broad range of environmental, technological, and physiological processes, making their detection/quantification valuable. Electroanalytical sensors offer much to the selective, sensitive, cheap, portable, and real-time analysis of anion presence where suitable combinations of selective (noncovalent) recognition and transduction can be integrated. Spurred on by significant developments in anion supramolecular chemistry, electrochemical anion sensing has received considerable attention in the past two decades. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of all electroanalytical techniques that have been used for this purpose, including voltammetric, impedimetric, capacititive, and potentiometric methods. We will confine our discussion to sensors that are based on synthetic anion receptors with a specific focus on reversible, noncovalent interactions, in particular, hydrogen- and halogen-bonding. Apart from their sensory properties, we will also discuss how electrochemical techniques can be used to study anion recognition processes (e.g., binding constant determination) and will furthermore provide a detailed outlook over future efforts and promising new avenues in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hein
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , South Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3QZ , U.K
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , South Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3QZ , U.K
| | - Jason J Davis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , South Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3QZ , U.K
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17
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Berger G, Frangville P, Meyer F. Halogen bonding for molecular recognition: new developments in materials and biological sciences. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4970-4981. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00841a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights recent developments of halogen bonding in materials and biological sciences with a short discussion on the nature of the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Berger
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
- Bruxelles
- Belgium
| | - Pierre Frangville
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
- Bruxelles
- Belgium
| | - Franck Meyer
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
- Bruxelles
- Belgium
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18
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Hachem H, Jeannin O, Fourmigué M, Barrière F, Lorcy D. Halogen bonded metal bis(dithiolene) 2D frameworks. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00512f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Short and directional I⋯S halogen bonding interactions in iodinated bis(dithiolene) complexes lead to the crystallization of 2D or 3D anionic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Hachem
- Univ Rennes
- CNRS
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) – UMR 6226
- F-35000 Rennes
- France
| | - Olivier Jeannin
- Univ Rennes
- CNRS
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) – UMR 6226
- F-35000 Rennes
- France
| | - Marc Fourmigué
- Univ Rennes
- CNRS
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) – UMR 6226
- F-35000 Rennes
- France
| | - Frédéric Barrière
- Univ Rennes
- CNRS
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) – UMR 6226
- F-35000 Rennes
- France
| | - Dominique Lorcy
- Univ Rennes
- CNRS
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) – UMR 6226
- F-35000 Rennes
- France
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19
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Zheng Z, Feng Q, Zhu M, Shang J, Li M, Li C, Kou L, Zheng J, Wang C. Electrochemical sensor for the discrimination of bilirubin in real human blood based on Au nanoparticles/ tetrathiafulvalene -carboxylate functionalized reduced graphene oxide 0D-2D heterojunction. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1072:46-53. [PMID: 31146864 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In clinical practice, the excess concentration of bilirubin can trigger diseases such as neonatal jaundice, hepatic failure, septicemia, and so on. The concentration of bilirubin is one of important clinical indexes to evaluate patients with hepatic function disease in clinical practice. Therefore, it is very necessary to develop a rapid detection technique detecting the bilirubin in body fluids. Here, a new electrochemical sensor based on Au nanoparticles/tetrathiafulvalene-carboxylate functionalized reduced grapheneoxide 0D-2D heterojunction(AuNPs/TTF-COOH/RGO) was fabricated for the discrimination of bilirubin in real human blood. The TTF-COOH could effectively repair electron conductivity of RGO nanosheets, decrease interface resistance, and also enhance the dispersity of TTF-COOH/RGO nanosheets in water. What's more, the S atoms of TTF-COOH can bonding the gold nano-particles (AuNPs) to fabricate a 0D-2D heterojunction with excellent biocompatibility and enhanced specific surface area. After bilirubin oxidases were self-assembled on the surface of AuNPs, a specific recognition interface was formed as a sensor for the detection of bilirubin. The heterojunction showed enhanced interface electron transfer rate, excellent biocompatibility, and also prominent electrocatalytic activity for the high efficiency catalysis of bilirubin. The sensor shows a linear response for bilirubin from 2.66 to 83 μmol L-1 and a low detection limit of 0.74 μmol L-1 at 3σ. This work provides one novel approach to detection of bilirubin by functional RGO nanosheets, and broadens the application area of RGO nanosheets in selective catalysis and detection of biomolecule in biological specimens, such as blood, urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science Techniques Research and Application, Gansu Institute of Political Science and Law, Gansu Province, 730070, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qingliang Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry Under Extraordinary Conditions, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
| | - Meijie Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry Under Extraordinary Conditions, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Meng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry Under Extraordinary Conditions, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Liangzhi Kou
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Garden Point Campus, QLD, 4001, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jianbang Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry Under Extraordinary Conditions, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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20
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Klein HA, Beer PD. Iodide Discrimination by Tetra-Iodotriazole Halogen Bonding Interlocked Hosts. Chemistry 2019; 25:3125-3130. [PMID: 30624821 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Whilst the exploitation of interlocked host frameworks for anion recognition is widely established, examples incorporating halogen bond donor groups are still relatively rare. Through the integration of a novel tetra(iodotriazole)-pyridinium motif into macrocycle and axle components, a family of halogen bonding catenane and rotaxanes are constructed for anion recognition studies in a competitive aqueous-organic solvent mixture. Importantly, the degree of anion selectivity displayed is dictated by the topological nature and charged state of the respective interlocked host cavity. All the interlocked hosts exhibit iodide anion selectivity over other halides and sulfate, with the level of discrimination being the greatest with the mono-cationic rotaxane. Arising from greater electrostatic interactions working in tandem with halogen bonding and hydrogen bonding, the di-cationic rotaxane displays stronger anion association at the expense of a relatively lower degree of iodide selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry A Klein
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Paul D Beer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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21
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Hijazi H, Vacher A, Groni S, Lorcy D, Levillain E, Fave C, Schöllhorn B. Electrochemically driven interfacial halogen bonding on self-assembled monolayers for anion detection. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:1983-1986. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08856j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The concept of anion detection via reversible electrochemically driven charge-assisted halogen bonding in solution was transferred on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Hijazi
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 7591, Université Paris Diderot
- F-75205 Paris Cedex 13
- France
| | - Antoine Vacher
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes – UMR 6226
- F-35000 Rennes
- France
| | - Sihem Groni
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 7591, Université Paris Diderot
- F-75205 Paris Cedex 13
- France
| | - Dominique Lorcy
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes – UMR 6226
- F-35000 Rennes
- France
| | - Eric Levillain
- MOLTECH Anjou, UMR CNRS 6200, Univ d'Angers, 2 Bd Lavoisier
- F-49045 ANGERS Cedex
- France
| | - Claire Fave
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 7591, Université Paris Diderot
- F-75205 Paris Cedex 13
- France
| | - Bernd Schöllhorn
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 7591, Université Paris Diderot
- F-75205 Paris Cedex 13
- France
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22
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Lim JYC, Beer PD. Electrochemical Bromide Sensing with a Halogen Bonding [2]Rotaxane. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y. C. Lim
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Chemistry Research Laboratory; Mansfield Road OX1 3TA Oxford UK
| | - Paul D. Beer
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Chemistry Research Laboratory; Mansfield Road OX1 3TA Oxford UK
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23
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Engelage E, Schulz N, Heinen F, Huber SM, Truhlar DG, Cramer CJ. Refined SMD Parameters for Bromine and Iodine Accurately Model Halogen‐Bonding Interactions in Solution. Chemistry 2018; 24:15983-15987. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elric Engelage
- Organische Chemie I Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Nils Schulz
- Organische Chemie I Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Flemming Heinen
- Organische Chemie I Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Stefan M. Huber
- Organische Chemie I Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455-0431 USA
| | - Christopher J. Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455-0431 USA
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24
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Oliveira R, Groni S, Vacher A, Barrière F, Lorcy D, Fourmigué M, Maisonhaute E, Schöllhorn B, Fave C. Electrochemical Activation of TTF-Based Halogen Bond Donors: A Powerful, Selective and Sensitive Analytical Tool for Probing a Weak Interaction in Complex Media. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Oliveira
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire; UMR CNRS 7591; Université Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf; F-75205 Paris Cedex 13 France
| | - Sihem Groni
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire; UMR CNRS 7591; Université Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf; F-75205 Paris Cedex 13 France
| | - Antoine Vacher
- Université Rennes; CNRS; ISCR Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes - UMR 6226; F-35000 Rennes France
| | - Frédéric Barrière
- Université Rennes; CNRS; ISCR Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes - UMR 6226; F-35000 Rennes France
| | - Dominique Lorcy
- Université Rennes; CNRS; ISCR Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes - UMR 6226; F-35000 Rennes France
| | - Marc Fourmigué
- Université Rennes; CNRS; ISCR Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes - UMR 6226; F-35000 Rennes France
| | - Emmanuel Maisonhaute
- Sorbonne Université; CNRS; Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, LISE; F-75005, Paris France
| | - Bernd Schöllhorn
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire; UMR CNRS 7591; Université Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf; F-75205 Paris Cedex 13 France
| | - Claire Fave
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire; UMR CNRS 7591; Université Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf; F-75205 Paris Cedex 13 France
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25
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Tepper R, Schubert US. Halogenbrücken in Lösung: Anionenerkennung, Templat‐gestützte Selbstorganisation und Organokatalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Tepper
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie (IOMC) Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie (IOMC) Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Deutschland
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26
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Tepper R, Schubert US. Halogen Bonding in Solution: Anion Recognition, Templated Self-Assembly, and Organocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6004-6016. [PMID: 29341377 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The halogen bond is a supramolecular interaction between a Lewis-acidic region of a covalently bound halogen and a Lewis base. It has been studied widely in silico and experimentally in the solid state; however, solution-phase applications have attracted enormous interest in the last few years. This Minireview highlights selected recent developments in halogen bond interactions in solution, with a focus on the use of receptors based on halogen bonds in anion recognition and sensing, anion-templated self-assembly, as well as in organocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Tepper
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
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27
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28
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Creste G, Groni S, Fave C, Branca M, Schöllhorn B. Comparative study of non-covalent interactions between cationic N-phenylviologens and halides by electrochemistry and NMR: the halogen bonding effect. Faraday Discuss 2017; 203:301-313. [PMID: 28726928 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00082k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Five N-phenylviologen (PV2+) derivatives have been synthesized and their electrochemical behavior in the presence of halide anions has been studied. Further investigations were carried out by 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopy at different chloride concentrations. This is the first time a systematic study combines cyclic voltammetry and NMR spectroscopy in order to analyse the contribution of halogen bonding among the various non-covalent interactions between iodinated N-phenylviologens. The results show strong evidence for a significant "halogen bonding effect" in the interaction between halides and the iodo-tetrafluoro-phenylviologen PV2+-C6F4I. A significant influence of halogen bonding on reduction potentials of the novel halogen bond donor PV2+-C6F4I has been evidenced resulting in the first example of "inverse redox switching" of an XB-donor being partially deactivated upon reduction. Furthermore the particular binding properties of the perfluorinated derivative PV2+-C6F5 towards chloride are discussed considering a possible contribution of π-anion interaction in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geordie Creste
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 7591, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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29
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Maugeri L, Jamieson EMG, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Philp D. pH controlled assembly of a self-complementary halogen-bonded dimer. Chem Sci 2017; 8:938-945. [PMID: 28572903 PMCID: PMC5452264 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03696a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Halogen bonding between an oxygen acceptor and an iodotriazole donor can be switched on an off by cycling the solution pH.
Phenols and their corresponding phenoxide anions can form halogen bonds with neutral iodotriazoles. The strength of these interactions depends critically on the protonation state of the oxygen atom – the interaction of the phenoxide anion is more than an order of magnitude stronger than the corresponding phenol. The assembly of a molecule bearing both an iodotriazole and a phenoxide anion into a self-complementary dimer, stabilised by two halogen bonds between the phenoxide anions and the neutral iodotriazoles has been demonstrated. The corresponding phenol shows no halogen bond mediated assembly either in the solid or in the solution state. This assembly process can be actuated simply by a change in protonation state – treatment of the phenol with one equivalent of base results in deprotonation and assembly of the dimer. The structure of the homodimer formed by the phenoxide-bearing iodotriazole has been determined in the solid state and 19F NMR spectroscopy demonstrates that the assembled dimer persists in solution and that it has significant stability. 19F NMR spectroscopy has also been used to demonstrate that the assembly process is completely reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Maugeri
- School of Chemistry and EaStCHEM , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , Fife KY16 9ST , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 1334 467264
| | - Ellen M G Jamieson
- School of Chemistry and EaStCHEM , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , Fife KY16 9ST , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 1334 467264
| | - David B Cordes
- School of Chemistry and EaStCHEM , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , Fife KY16 9ST , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 1334 467264
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- School of Chemistry and EaStCHEM , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , Fife KY16 9ST , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 1334 467264
| | - Douglas Philp
- School of Chemistry and EaStCHEM , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , Fife KY16 9ST , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 1334 467264
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30
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Lim JYC, Beer PD. A Halogen Bonding 1,3-Disubstituted Ferrocene Receptor for Recognition and Redox Sensing of Azide. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y. C. Lim
- Chemistry Research Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Mansfield Road OX1 3TA Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Paul D. Beer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Mansfield Road OX1 3TA Oxford United Kingdom
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