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Sindhu M, Kalaivani P, Prabusankar G, Sivasamy R, Prabhakaran R. Preparation of new organo-ruthenium(II) complexes and their nucleic acid/albumin binding efficiency and in vitro cytotoxicity studies. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:3075-3096. [PMID: 38235791 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04017h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Hetero-bimetallic ruthenium(II) complexes (PRAFIZ and PRBFIZ) containing acetyl ferrocene (AFIZ)/benzoyl ferrocene isonicotinic hydrazone ligands (BFIZ) were synthesized and characterized by various spectral and analytical techniques. The structure of acetyl ferrocene isonicotinic hydrazone (AFIZ) and the complex PRBFIZ was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The hydrazide ligands coordinated in a bidentate monobasic fashion using their N1 hydrazinic nitrogen and enolic oxygen atoms. The binding interactions of the ligands and complexes were examined using Calf-Thymus DNA (CT-DNA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) experiments clarified the efficient binding interaction of the ligands and complexes with BSA. The results of in vitro cytotoxicity studies on MDA-MB-261 breast cancer cells and A549 human lung cancer cells and cell morphological analysis results through staining assays clearly indicated the cytotoxic nature of the complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry, Nirmala College for Women, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 018, India.
| | - P Kalaivani
- Department of Chemistry, Nirmala College for Women, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 018, India.
| | - G Prabusankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi 502 285, India
| | - R Sivasamy
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - R Prabhakaran
- Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India.
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Roy S, Muniyappa K, Bhattacharya S. Deciphering the Binding Insights of Novel Disubstituted Anthraquinone Derivatives with G-Quadruplex DNA to Exhibit Selective Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200436. [PMID: 36161519 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthraquinone-based compounds are well-known as duplex DNA as well as G-quadruplex DNA binders. Implications of various anthraquinone derivatives for specific recognition of G-quadruplex DNA over duplex DNA is a 'challenging' research work that requires adequate experience with molecular design. To address this important issue, we designed and synthesized ten new 2,6-disubstituted anthraquinone-based derivatives with different functionalized piperazinyl side-chains. Among these, particular compounds with certain distant groups have shown selective and significant binding affinities toward the c-MYC and c-KIT G-quadruplex DNA over the duplex DNA, as noticed from various biophysical experiments. The structural difference of quadruplex and duplex DNA was utilized to probe these derivatives for the end-stacking mode of binding with G-quadruplex DNA. The ability of the ligands to halt DNA synthesis by stabilizing G-quadruplex structures is one of the crucial points to further apply them for quadruplex-mediated anti-cancer therapeutics. Interestingly, these ligands trigger apoptosis to exhibit selective cytotoxicity toward cancer cells over normal cells. This was further evidenced by ligand-induced cell cycle arrest as well as cellular apoptotic morphological changes. These blood-compatible ligands provided detailed structure-activity relationship approaches for the molecular design of anthraquinone-based G-quadruplex binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Roy
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.,School of Applied & Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Kalappa Muniyappa
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Santanu Bhattacharya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.,School of Applied & Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, India
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Martínez-Estévez M, García-Fontán S, Argibay-Otero S, Prieto I, Vázquez-López EM. Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity Studies of N-(4-Methoxybenzyl) Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives and Their Ruthenium(II)- p-cymene Complexes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227976. [PMID: 36432074 PMCID: PMC9696800 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of [Ru2Cl2(μ-Cl)2(η6-p-cymene)2] with two thiosemicarbazones obtained by the condensation of N-(4-methoxybenzyl) thiosemicarbazide and 1,4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethan-1-one (HL1) or 2-fluoro-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (HL2) was studied. The cationic complexes of formula [RuCl(η6-p-cymene)(HL)]+ were isolated as solid chloride and trifluoromethylsulfate (TfO) salts. A study of the solid state and NMR spectra suggests the presence in the material of two isomers that differ in the configuration in the iminic bond, C2=N3, of the coordinated thiosemicarbazone in the triflate salts and only the E isomer in the chloride. An X-ray study of single crystals of the complexes supports this hypothesis. The thiosemicarbazone ligand coordinates with the ruthenium center through the iminic and sulfur atoms to form a five-membered chelate ring. Furthermore, the isolation of single crystals containing the thiosemicarbazonate complex [Ru2(μ-L2)2(η6-p-cymene)2]2+ suggests the easy labilization of the coordinated chloride in the complex. The redox behavior of the ligands and complexes was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry. It seems to be more difficult to oxidize the complex derived from HL1 than HL2. The ability of the complexes to inhibit cell growth against the NCI-H460, A549 and MDA-MB-231 lines was evaluated. The complexes did not show greater potency than cisplatin, although they did have greater efficacy, especially for the complex derived from HL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Martínez-Estévez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Campus Universitario, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Soledad García-Fontán
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Campus Universitario, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
- Metallosupramolecular Chemistry Group, Galicia South Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur) SERGAS-UVIGO, E-36213 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.G.-F.); (E.M.V.-L.)
| | - Saray Argibay-Otero
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Campus Universitario, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
- Metallosupramolecular Chemistry Group, Galicia South Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur) SERGAS-UVIGO, E-36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Prieto
- Metallosupramolecular Chemistry Group, Galicia South Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur) SERGAS-UVIGO, E-36213 Vigo, Spain
- Departamento de Química Física, Campus Universitario, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Ezequiel M. Vázquez-López
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Campus Universitario, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
- Metallosupramolecular Chemistry Group, Galicia South Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur) SERGAS-UVIGO, E-36213 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.G.-F.); (E.M.V.-L.)
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Alanazi RL, Zaki M, Bawazir WA. Synthesis and characterization of new metal complexes containing Triazino[5,6–b]indole moiety: In vitro DNA and HSA binding studies. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Tremlett WD, Goodman DM, Steel TR, Kumar S, Wieczorek-błauż A, Walsh FP, Sullivan MP, Hanif M, Hartinger CG. Design concepts of half-sandwich organoruthenium anticancer agents based on bidentate bioactive ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2021; 445:213950. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sindhu M, Kalaivani P, Prabhakaran R. New organoruthenium metallates containing ferrocenecarboxalidine thiosemicarbazones and their nucleic acid/albumin binding and
in vitro
cytotoxicity. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathiyazhagan Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry, Nirmala College for Women Bharathiar University Coimbatore 641 018 India
| | - Palaniappan Kalaivani
- Department of Chemistry, Nirmala College for Women Bharathiar University Coimbatore 641 018 India
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Farghadani R, Seifaddinipour M, Rajarajeswaran J, Abdulla MA, Mohd Hashim NB, Khaing SL, Salehen NB. In vivo acute toxicity evaluation and in vitro molecular mechanism study of antiproliferative activity of a novel indole Schiff base β-diiminato manganese III complex in hormone-dependent and triple negative breast cancer cells. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7686. [PMID: 31608167 PMCID: PMC6786247 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women worldwide. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the anticancer effects of transition metal complexes of indole Schiff bases. β-diiminato ManganeseIII complex has shown promising cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. In this study, time- and dose- dependent inhibitory activity were evaluated using MTT assay after 48 h and 72 h exposure time. In addition, median effect analysis was conducted according to Chou-Talalay method to investigate whether MnIII complex has synergistic effect in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs on inhibiting breast cancer cell growth. The molecular mechanisms underlying its potent antiproliferative effect was determined through bioluminescent caspase-3/7, -8 and -9 activity assays and quantitative expression analysis of cell cycle- and apoptosis-related genes. Furthermore, safety evaluation of MnIII complex was assessed through the acute oral toxicity test in in vivo model. The MTT assay results revealed that it potently reduced the viability of MCF-7 (IC50 of 0.63 ± 0.07 µg/mL for 48 h and 0.39 ± 0.08 µg/mL for 72 h) and MDA-MB-231 (1.17 ± 0.06 µg/mL for 48 h, 1.03 ± 0.15 µg/mL for 72 h) cells in dose- and time-dependent manner. Combination treatment also enhanced the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin but not tamoxifen on inhibiting breast cancer cell growth. The involvement of intrinsic and extrinsic pathway in apoptosis induction was exhibited through the increased activity of caspase-9 and caspase-8, respectively, leading to enhanced downstream executioner caspase-3/7 activity in treated MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, gene expression analysis revealed that MnIII complex exerts its antiproliferative effect via up-and down-regulation of p21 and cyclin D1, respectively, along with increased expression of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, TNF-α, initiator caspase-8 and -10 and effector caspase-3 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. However, the results did not show increased caspase-8 activity in treated MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, in vivo acute oral toxicity test revealed no signs of toxicity and mortality in treated animal models compared to the control group. Collectively, the promising inhibitory effect and molecular and mechanistic evidence of antiproliferative activity of MnIII complex and its safety characterization have demonstrated that it may have therapeutic value in breast cancer treatment worthy of further investigation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Farghadani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Maryam Seifaddinipour
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jayakumar Rajarajeswaran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mahmood Ameen Abdulla
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Si Lay Khaing
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur'ain Binti Salehen
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Kalaiarasi G, Jeya Rajkumar SR, Dharani S, Fronczek FR, Prabhakaran R. Biological evaluation of new organoruthenium(II) metallates containing 3-acetyl-8-methoxy-2H-chromen-2-one appended CNS donor Schiff bases. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Devagi G, Mohankumar A, Shanmugam G, Nivitha S, Dallemer F, Kalaivani P, Sundararaj P, Prabhakaran R. Organoruthenium(II) Complexes Ameliorates Oxidative Stress and Impedes the Age Associated Deterioration in Caenorhabditis elegans through JNK-1/DAF-16 Signalling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7688. [PMID: 29769649 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25984-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New ruthenium(II) complexes were synthesised and characterized by various spectro analytical techniques. The structure of the complexes 3 and 4 has been confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The complexes were subjected to study their anti-oxidant profile and were exhibited significantly greater in vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity than vitamin C. We found that complexes 1–4 confered tolerance to oxidative stress and extend the mean lifespan of mev-1 mutant worms and wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans. Further, mechanistic study and reporter gene expression analysis revealed that Ru(ƞ6-p-cymene) complexes maintained the intracellular redox status and offers stress resistance through activating JNK-1/DAF-16 signaling axis and possibly by other antioxidant response pathway. Notably, complex 3 and 4 ameliorates the polyQ (a Huntington’s disease associated protein) mediated proteotoxicity and related behavioural deficits in Huntington’s disease models of C. elegans. From these observations, we hope that new Ru(ƞ6-p-cymene) complexes could be further considered as a potential drug to retard aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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