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Zhang D, Liu L, Wang J, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Xing G, Wang X, Liu M. Drug-loaded PEG-PLGA nanoparticles for cancer treatment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:990505. [PMID: 36059964 PMCID: PMC9437283 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.990505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles based on single-component synthetic polymers, such as poly (lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), have been extensively studied for antitumor drug delivery and adjuvant therapy due to their ability to encapsulate and release drugs, as well as passively target tumors. Amphiphilic block co-polymers, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG)-PLGA, have also been used to prepare multifunctional nanodrug delivery systems with prolonged circulation time and greater bioavailability that can encapsulate a wider variety of drugs, including small molecules, gene-targeting drugs, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and multi-target enzyme inhibitors, enhancing their antitumor effect and safety. In addition, the surface of PEG-PLGA nanoparticles has been modified with various ligands to achieve active targeting and selective accumulation of antitumor drugs in tumor cells. Modification with two ligands has also been applied with good antitumor effects, while the use of imaging agents and pH-responsive or magnetic materials has paved the way for the application of such nanoparticles in clinical diagnosis. In this work, we provide an overview of the synthesis and application of PEG-PLGA nanoparticles in cancer treatment and we discuss the recent advances in ligand modification for active tumor targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Pharmaceutical Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Gang Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xuan Wang, ; Minghua Liu,
| | - Minghua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xuan Wang, ; Minghua Liu,
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2
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Bao Y, Maeki M, Ishida A, Tani H, Tokeshi M. Preparation of size-tunable sub-200 nm PLGA-based nanoparticles with a wide size range using a microfluidic platform. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271050. [PMID: 35925917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The realization of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) from laboratory to clinical applications remains slow, partly because of the lack of precise control of each condition in the preparation process and the rich selectivity of nanoparticles with diverse characteristics. Employing PLGA NPs to establish a large range of size-controlled drug delivery systems and achieve size-selective drug delivery targeting remains a challenge for therapeutic development for different diseases. In this study, we employed a microfluidic device to control the size of PLGA NPs. PLGA, poly (ethylene glycol)-methyl ether block poly (lactic-co-glycolide) (PEG-PLGA), and blend (PLGA + PEG-PLGA) NPs were engineered with defined sizes. Blend NPs exhibit the widest size range (40–114 nm) by simply changing the flow rate conditions without changing the precursor (polymer molecular weight, concentration, and chain segment composition). A model hydrophobic drug, paclitaxel (PTX), was encapsulated in the NPs, and the PTX-loaded NPs maintained a large range of controllable NP sizes. Furthermore, size-controlled NPs were used to investigate the effect of particle size of sub-200 nm NPs on tumor cell growth. The 52 nm NPs showed higher cell growth inhibition than 109 nm NPs. Our method allows the preparation of biodegradable NPs with a large size range without changing polymer precursors as well as the nondemanding fluid conditions. In addition, our model can be applied to elucidate the role of particle sizes of sub-200 nm particles in various biomedical applications, which may help develop suitable drugs for different diseases.
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Zhang J, Li C, Xue Q, Yin X, Li Y, He W, Chen X, Zhang J, Reis RL, Wang Y. An Efficient Carbon-Based Drug Delivery System for Cancer Therapy through the Nucleus Targeting and Mitochondria Mediated Apoptotic Pathway. Small Methods 2021; 5:e2100539. [PMID: 34928029 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of nanocarriers solves the problems of antitumor drugs such as non-targeting, huge side effects, etc., and has been widely used in tumor therapy. Some kinds of antitumor drugs such as doxorubicin (DOX) mainly act on the nucleic acid causing DNA damage, interfering with transcription, and thereby disrupting or blocking the process of cancer cell replication. Herein, a new nanodrug delivery system, the carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs)-Pluronic F127-DOX (CPD), is designed by using CBNs as a nanocarrier for DOX. As a result, the tumor growth inhibition rate of CPD group is as high as 79.42 ± 2.83%, and greatly reduces the side effects. The targeting rate of the CPD group of DOX in the tumor nucleus is 36.78%, and the %ID/g in tumor tissue is 30.09%. The CPD regulates the expression levels of Caspase-3, p53, and Bcl-2 genes by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and reducing mitochondrial membrane potential, which indicates that mitochondrial-mediated pathways are involved in apoptosis. The CPD nanodrug delivery system increases the effective accumulation of DOX in tumor cell nuclei and tumor tissues, and generates massive ROS, thereby inhibiting tumor growth in vivo, representing a promising agent for anticancer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Zhang
- Tumor Precision Targeting Research Center & Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Chenchen Li
- Tumor Precision Targeting Research Center & Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Qianghua Xue
- Tumor Precision Targeting Research Center & Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Xuelian Yin
- Tumor Precision Targeting Research Center & Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yajie Li
- Tumor Precision Targeting Research Center & Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Wen He
- Tumor Precision Targeting Research Center & Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Xuerui Chen
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
- Universal Medical Imaging Diagnostic Research Center, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Rui L Reis
- Tumor Precision Targeting Research Center & Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Yanli Wang
- Tumor Precision Targeting Research Center & Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
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Khan S, Vahdani Y, Hussain A, Haghighat S, Heidari F, Nouri M, Haj Bloukh S, Edis Z, Mahdi Nejadi Babadaei M, Ale-Ebrahim M, Hasan A, Sharifi M, Bai Q, Hassan M, Falahati M. Polymeric micelles functionalized with cell penetrating peptides as potential pH-sensitive platforms in drug delivery for cancer therapy: A review. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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5
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Huang L, Zhao S, Fang F, Xu T, Lan M, Zhang J. Advances and perspectives in carrier-free nanodrugs for cancer chemo-monotherapy and combination therapy. Biomaterials 2020; 268:120557. [PMID: 33260095 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems hold impressive promise for biomedical application because of their excellent water dispersibility, prolonged blood circulation time, increased drug accumulation in tumors, and potential in combination therapeutics. However, most nanocarriers suffer from low drug-loading efficiency, poor therapeutic effectiveness, potential systematic toxicity, and unstable metabolism. As an alternative, carrier-free nanodrugs, completely formulated with one or more drugs, have attracted increasing attention in cancer therapy due to their advantage of improved pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics, reduced toxicity, and high drug-loading. In recent years, carrier-free nanodrugs have contributed to progress in a variety of therapeutic modalities. In this review, different common strategies for carrier-free nanodrugs preparation are first summarized, mainly including nanoprecipitation, template-assisted nanoprecipitation, thin-film hydration, spray-drying technique, supercritical fluid (SCF) technique, and wet media milling. Then we describe the recently reported carrier-free nanodrugs for cancer chemo-monotherapy or combination therapy. The advantages of anti-cancer drugs combined with other chemotherapeutic, photosensitizers, photothermal, immunotherapeutic or gene drugs have been demonstrated. Finally, a future perspective is introduced to highlight the existing challenges and possible solutions toward clinical application of currently developed carrier-free nanodrugs, which may be instructive to the design of effective carrier-free regimens in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Shaojing Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Fang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Ting Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Minhuan Lan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China.
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
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Zhao Z, Ma X, Zhang R, Hu F, Zhang T, Liu Y, Han MH, You F, Yang Y, Zheng W. A novel liposome-polymer hybrid nanoparticles delivering a multi-epitope self-replication DNA vaccine and its preliminary immune evaluation in experimental animals. Nanomedicine 2020; 35:102338. [PMID: 33197626 PMCID: PMC7664365 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccine is an attractive immune platform for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, but existing disadvantages limit its use in preclinical and clinical assays, such as weak immunogenicity and short half-life. Here, we reported a novel liposome-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (pSFV-MEG/LNPs) consisting of a biodegradable core (mPEG-PLGA) and a hydrophilic shell (lecithin/PEG-DSPE-Mal 2000) for delivering a multi-epitope self-replication DNA vaccine (pSFV-MEG). The pSFV-MEG/LNPs with optimal particle size (161.61 ± 15.63 nm) and high encapsulation efficiency (87.60 ± 8.73%) induced a strong humoral (3.22-fold) and cellular immune responses (1.60-fold) compared to PBS. Besides, the humoral and cellular immune responses of pSFV-MEG/LNPs were 1.58- and 1.05-fold than that of pSFV-MEG. All results confirmed that LNPs was a very promising tool to enhance the humoral and cellular immune responses of pSFV-MEG. In addition, the rational design and delivery platform can be used for the development of DNA vaccines for other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xingyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ruihuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Fabiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yuping Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Myong Hun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Life Science, KIM IL SUNG University, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Fang You
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Yi Yang
- SinGENE Biotech Pte Ltd, Singapore Science Park, Singapore 118258, Singapore.
| | - Wenyun Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China.
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Huang Q, Xu Z, Cai C, Lin J. Micelles with a Loose Core Self‐Assembled from Coil‐
g
‐Rod Graft Copolymers Displaying High Drug Loading Capacity. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qijing Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric MaterialsKey Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Zhanwen Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric MaterialsKey Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Chunhua Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric MaterialsKey Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jiaping Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric MaterialsKey Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
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Moghimiardekani A, Molina BG, Enshaei H, Del Valle LJ, Pérez-Madrigal MM, Estrany F, Alemán C. Semi-Interpenetrated Hydrogels-Microfibers Electroactive Assemblies for Release and Real-Time Monitoring of Drugs. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000074. [PMID: 32449596 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous drug release and monitoring using a single polymeric platform represents a significant advance in the utilization of biomaterials for therapeutic use. Tracking drug release by real-time electrochemical detection using the same platform is a simple way to guide the dosage of the drug, improve the desired therapeutic effect, and reduce the adverse side effects. The platform developed in this work takes advantage of the flexibility and loading capacity of hydrogels, the mechanical strength of microfibers, and the capacity of conducting polymers to detect the redox properties of drugs. The engineered platform is prepared by assembling two spin-coated layers of poly-γ-glutamic acid hydrogel, loaded with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) microparticles, and separated by a electrospun layer of poly-ε-caprolactone microfibers. Loaded PEDOT microparticles are used as reaction nuclei for the polymerization of poly(hydroxymethyl-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PHMeDOT), that semi-interpenetrate the whole three layered system while forming a dense network of electrical conduction paths. After demonstrating its properties, the platform is loaded with levofloxacin and its release monitored externally by UV-vis spectroscopy and in situ by using the PHMeDOT network. In situ real-time electrochemical monitoring of the drug release from the engineered platform holds great promise for the development of multi-functional devices for advanced biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moghimiardekani
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona, 08019, Spain
| | - Brenda G Molina
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona, 08019, Spain
| | - Hamidreza Enshaei
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona, 08019, Spain
| | - Luis J Del Valle
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona, 08019, Spain
| | - Maria M Pérez-Madrigal
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona, 08019, Spain.,Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Francesc Estrany
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona, 08019, Spain
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona, 08019, Spain.,Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
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Mu X, Hou J, Feng Y, Tang B, Shui L, Wang Y, Li H, Zhou G. Configuration-Controllable Polymeric Nanovehicles Self-Assembled in Pixel Grids under an Electric Field. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:4052-4060. [PMID: 31885247 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric nanovehicles have been widely applied in many fields, but during the process of preparation, it is still hard to reach the balance between precise structure control and mass production. In the present work, using industrial pixel grids as the macroscopic template, we applied dual effects of confinement and dielectric difference to speed up the self-assembly of polymeric nanovehicles, even to regulate the generated mesostructures and cargo loading. Within 2 min, a poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(d,l-lactide acid) (PEG-b-PDLLA) amphiphilic block copolymer layer was rapidly pushed off and broken down into uniform nanoparticles at 40 V. Hereinto, increasing volume of the outer aqueous phase in pixel grids favored the architectonic transformation of the generated nanovehicles from solid micelles with a diameter of 95 nm to hollow vesicles with a diameter of 232 nm. In particular, all the elements from the confinement cells to the preparation process can be completed via wet printing. Electric-field-induced pixel template technology is facile, cheap, controllable, and recyclable, and it is anticipated to promote continuous and bulk production of polymeric nanovehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Mu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Jiaxin Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Yancong Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Biao Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Lingling Shui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Yao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Hao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
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