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Sun L, Wang J, Matsui H, Lee S, Wang W, Guo S, Chen H, Fang K, Ito Y, Inoue D, Hashizume D, Mori K, Takakuwa M, Lee S, Zhou Y, Yokota T, Fukuda K, Someya T. All-solution-processed ultraflexible wearable sensor enabled with universal trilayer structure for organic optoelectronic devices. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadk9460. [PMID: 38598623 PMCID: PMC11006222 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk9460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
All-solution-processed organic optoelectronic devices can enable the large-scale manufacture of ultrathin wearable electronics with integrated diverse functions. However, the complex multilayer-stacking device structure of organic optoelectronics poses challenges for scalable production. Here, we establish all-solution processes to fabricate a wearable, self-powered photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor. We achieve comparable performance and improved stability compared to complex reference devices with evaporated electrodes by using a trilayer device structure applicable to organic photovoltaics, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes. The PPG sensor array based on all-solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes and photodetectors can be fabricated on a large-area ultrathin substrate to achieve long storage stability. We integrate it with a large-area, all-solution-processed organic solar module to realize a self-powered health monitoring system. We fabricate high-throughput wearable electronic devices with complex functions on large-area ultrathin substrates based on organic optoelectronics. Our findings can advance the high-throughput manufacture of ultrathin electronic devices integrating complex functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Sun
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jiachen Wang
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsui
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Shinyoung Lee
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Wenqing Wang
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shuyang Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hongting Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kun Fang
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daishi Inoue
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuma Mori
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masahito Takakuwa
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Sunghoon Lee
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yinhua Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tomoyuki Yokota
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Fukuda
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takao Someya
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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2
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Krisnadi F, Kim S, Im S, Chacko D, Vong MH, Rykaczewski K, Park S, Dickey MD. Printable Liquid Metal Foams That Grow When Watered. Adv Mater 2024:e2308862. [PMID: 38252810 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Pastes and "foams" containing liquid metal (LM) as the continuous phase (liquid metal foams, LMFs) exhibit metallic properties while displaying paste or putty-like rheological behavior. These properties enable LMFs to be patterned into soft and stretchable electrical and thermal conductors through processes conducted at room temperature, such as printing. The simplest LMFs, featured in this work, are made by stirring LM in air, thereby entraining oxide-lined air "pockets" into the LM. Here, it is reported that mixing small amounts of water (as low as 1 wt%) into such LMFs gives rise to significant foaming by harnessing known reactions that evolve hydrogen and produce oxides. The resulting structures can be ≈4-5× their original volume and possess a fascinating combination of attributes: porosity, electrical conductivity, and responsiveness to environmental conditions. This expansion can be utilized for a type of 4D printing in which patterned conductors "grow," fill cavities, and change shape and density with respect to time. Excessive exposure to water in the long term ultimately consumes the metal in the LMF. However, when exposure to water is controlled, the metallic properties of porous LMFs can be preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Febby Krisnadi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Seoyeon Kim
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Sooik Im
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Dennis Chacko
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Man Hou Vong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Konrad Rykaczewski
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Sungjune Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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3
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Ma J, Krisnadi F, Vong MH, Kong M, Awartani OM, Dickey MD. Shaping a Soft Future: Patterning Liquid Metals. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2205196. [PMID: 36044678 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the unique techniques for patterning liquid metals containing gallium (e.g., eutectic gallium indium, EGaIn). These techniques are enabled by two unique attributes of these liquids relative to solid metals: 1) The fluidity of the metal allows it to be injected, sprayed, and generally dispensed. 2) The solid native oxide shell allows the metal to adhere to surfaces and be shaped in ways that would normally be prohibited due to surface tension. The ability to shape liquid metals into non-spherical structures such as wires, antennas, and electrodes can enable fluidic metallic conductors for stretchable electronics, soft robotics, e-skins, and wearables. The key properties of these metals with a focus on methods to pattern liquid metals into soft or stretchable devices are summari.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Febby Krisnadi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Man Hou Vong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Minsik Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Omar M Awartani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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4
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Shah NUH, Kanetkar S, Uppal A, Dickey MD, Wang RY, Rykaczewski K. Mechanism of Oil-in-Liquid Metal Emulsion Formation. Langmuir 2022; 38:13279-13287. [PMID: 36256617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metals (LMs) combine metallic properties with the deformability of a liquid, which makes them promising candidates for a variety of applications. To broaden the range of physical and chemical properties, a variety of solid additives have been incorporated into the LMs in the literature. In contrast, only a handful of secondary fluids have been incorporated into LMs to create foams (gas-in-LM) or emulsions (liquid-in-LM). LM foams readily form through mixing of LM in air, facilitated by the formation of a native oxide on the LM. In contrast, LM breaks up into microdroplets when mixed with a secondary liquid such as silicone oil. Stable silicone oil-in-LM emulsions form only during mixing of the oil with LM foam. In this work, we investigate the fundamental mechanism underlying this process. We describe two possible microscale mechanisms for emulsion formation: (1) oil replacing air in the foam or (2) oil creating additional features in the foam. The associated foam-to-emulsion density difference demonstrates that emulsions predominantly form through the addition of oxide-covered silicone oil capsules to the LM foam. We demonstrate this through density and surface wettability measurements and multiscale imaging of LM foam mixed with varied silicone oil contents in air or nitrogen environments. We also demonstrate the presence of a continuous silicone oil film on the emulsion surface and that this oil film prevents the embrittlement of contacting aluminum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najam Ul Hassan Shah
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85287, United States
| | - Shreyas Kanetkar
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85287, United States
| | - Aastha Uppal
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85287, United States
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina27695, United States
| | - Robert Y Wang
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85287, United States
| | - Konrad Rykaczewski
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85287, United States
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85287, United States
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5
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Zhang J, Zhang C, Li H, Cheng Y, Yang Q, Hou X, Chen F. Controlling the oxidation and wettability of liquid metal via femtosecond laser for high-resolution flexible electronics. Front Chem 2022; 10:965891. [PMID: 36118310 PMCID: PMC9475219 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.965891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid metal-based electronic devices are attracting increasing attention owing to their excellent flexibility and high conductivity. However, a simple way to realize liquid metal electronics on a microscale without photolithography is still challenging. Herein, the wettability and adhesion of liquid metal are controlled by combining the stirring method, femtosecond laser microfabrication, and sacrificial layer assistant. The adhesive force of liquid metal is dramatically enhanced by adjusting its oxidation. The wetting area is limited to a micro-pattern by a femtosecond laser and sacrificial layer. On this basis, a high-resolution liquid metal printing method is proposed. The printing resolution can be controlled even less than 50 μm. The resultant liquid metal pattern is applied to electronic skin, which shows uniformity, flexibility, and stability. It is anticipated that this liquid metal printing method will hold great promise in the fields of flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chengjun Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Haoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xun Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Chen,
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6
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Lee GH, Lee YR, Kim H, Kwon DA, Kim H, Yang C, Choi SQ, Park S, Jeong JW, Park S. Rapid meniscus-guided printing of stable semi-solid-state liquid metal microgranular-particle for soft electronics. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2643. [PMID: 35551193 PMCID: PMC9098628 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid metal is being regarded as a promising material for soft electronics owing to its distinct combination of high electrical conductivity comparable to that of metals and exceptional deformability derived from its liquid state. However, the applicability of liquid metal is still limited due to the difficulty in simultaneously achieving its mechanical stability and initial conductivity. Furthermore, reliable and rapid patterning of stable liquid metal directly on various soft substrates at high-resolution remains a formidable challenge. In this work, meniscus-guided printing of ink containing polyelectrolyte-attached liquid metal microgranular-particle in an aqueous solvent to generate semi-solid-state liquid metal is presented. Liquid metal microgranular-particle printed in the evaporative regime is mechanically stable, initially conductive, and patternable down to 50 μm on various substrates. Demonstrations of the ultrastretchable (~500% strain) electrical circuit, customized e-skin, and zero-waste ECG sensor validate the simplicity, versatility, and reliability of this manufacturing strategy, enabling broad utility in the development of advanced soft electronics. In this article, meniscus-guided printing of polyelectrolyte-attached liquid metal particles to simultaneously achieve mechanical stability and initial electrical conductivity at high resolution is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun-Hee Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Rim Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanul Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Do A Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonji Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Congqi Yang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyoung Q Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjun Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Steve Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Wang H, Xing W, Chen S, Song C, Dickey MD, Deng T. Liquid Metal Composites with Enhanced Thermal Conductivity and Stability Using Molecular Thermal Linker. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2103104. [PMID: 34510554 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metal (LM) composite with metallic fillers is an emerging class of thermal interface materials (TIMs), which are widely applied in electronics and power systems to improve their performance. In situ alloying between gallium and many metallic fillers like copper and silver, however, leads to a deteriorated composite stability. This paper presents an interfacial engineering approach using 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane (CPTES) to serve as effective thermal linkers and diffusion barriers at the copper-gallium oxide interfaces in the LM matrix, achieving an enhancement in both thermal conductivity and stability of the composite. By mixing LM with copper particles modified by CPTES, a thermal conductivity (κ) as high as 65.9 W m-1 K-1 is achieved. In addition, κ can be tuned by altering the terminal groups of silane molecules, demonstrating the flexibility of this approach. The potential use of such composite as a TIM is also shown in the heat dissipation of a computer central processing unit. While most studies on LM-based composites enhance the material performance via direct mixing of various fillers, this work provides a different approach to fabricate high-performance LM-based composites and may further advance their applications in various areas including thermal management systems, flexible electronics, consumer electronics, and biomedical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Wenkui Xing
- Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shen Chen
- Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Chengyi Song
- Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Tao Deng
- Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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Shah NUH, Kong W, Casey N, Kanetkar S, Wang RY, Rykaczewski K. Gallium oxide-stabilized oil in liquid metal emulsions. Soft Matter 2021; 17:8269-8275. [PMID: 34397076 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00982f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gallium based liquid metals (LM) have prospective biomedical, stretchable electronics, soft robotics, and energy storage applications, and are being widely adopted as thermal interface materials. The danger of gallium corroding most metals used in microelectronics requires the cumbersome addition of "barrier" layers or LM break-up into droplets within an inert matrix such as silicone oil. Such LM-in-oil emulsions are stabilized by native oxide on the droplets but have decreased thermal performance. Here we show that mixing of the silicone oil into an LM-air foam yields emulsions with inverted phases. We investigate the stability of these oil-in-LM emulsions through a range of processing times and oil viscosities, and characterize the impact of these parameters on the materials' structure and thermal property relationships. We demonstrate that the emulsion with 40 vol% of 10 cSt silicone oil provides a unique thermal management material with a 10 W m-1 K-1 thermal conductivity and an exterior lubricant thin film that completely prevents corrosion of contacting aluminum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najam Ul Hassan Shah
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Wilson Kong
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Nathan Casey
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Shreyas Kanetkar
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Robert Y Wang
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Konrad Rykaczewski
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
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