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Rondón S, Cavallero S, Montalbano Di Filippo M, De Liberato C, Berrilli F, Capitani N, D’Amelio S. Intestinal parasites infecting captive non-human primates in Italy. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1270202. [PMID: 38264469 PMCID: PMC10804609 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1270202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHPs) living in captive conditions are susceptible to intestinal parasites that can contribute to mortality and morbidity, and cause zoonotic infections. Thus, parasite surveys on NHP populations under human care are relevant as part of the evaluation of NHPs welfare and in the zoonotic disease risk assessment, as well as in the exploration of parasite transmission pathways, according to the One-Health concept. This study aimed to identify intestinal parasites infecting NHPs living in two wildlife recovery centers and in a zoological garden, in Italy. Ninety-three fecal samples from Macaca tonkeana, Macaca fascicularis, Sapajus apella, Chlorocebus aethiops, Macaca fuscata, Macaca sylvanus, and Cebus capucinus were collected at Piano dell'Abatino Park (Lazio), and fecal smears and flotation were performed in order to identify parasites according to morphological keys. Additionally, one carcass of M. fuscata from the Bioparco Zoological Garden of Rome (Lazio) and one of M. fascicularis from the Center for the Recovery of Exotic and Maremma Wild Animals (Tuscany) were necropsied and intestinal adult nematodes were collected and characterized at morphological and molecular level, using the mitochondrial cox1 and rrnL markers. Protozoans (Entamoeba coli, Iodamoeba bütschlii, Dientamoeba fragilis-like, Giardia sp.), chromists (Balantidium/Buxtonella sp.) and nematodes (Capillaria sp., Trichuris sp., strongyliform larvae and Oesophagostomum sp.) were found through fecal smears and flotation. The collected adult nematodes from dead NHPs were morphologically identified as whipworms (genus Trichuris). Phylogenetic analyses grouped Trichuris specimens into the Trichuris trichiura complex of species, with specimens from M. fuscata clustering into a host-specific branch, and whipworms from M. fascicularis clustering within a clade formed by Trichuris infecting several primate species, including humans. The results here collected revealed the presence of potentially zoonotic parasites circulating in captive primates in Italy, providing useful information for the formulation of management and care plans for captive NHPs, and for the elaboration of safety measures for visitors and animal keepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rondón
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Cavallero
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Claudio De Liberato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “Mariano Aleandri”, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Berrilli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefano D’Amelio
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Sangpeng J, Eamudomkarn C, Hongsrichan N, Artchayasawat A, Chaisongkram C, Ponsrila K, Kimkamkaew S, Laoprom N, Boonmars T, Sithithaworn P, Pitaksakulrat O. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in captive mammals at Khon Kaen Zoo, Thailand. Vet World 2023; 16:2416-2424. [PMID: 38328364 PMCID: PMC10844781 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2416-2424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Captive animals are susceptible to parasitic diseases due to the stress and confinement they experience. In addition, they can serve as reservoirs of zoonotic parasites that have the potential to infect humans. To investigate this possibility, we estimated the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in captive mammals at Khon Kaen Zoo, Thailand. Materials and Methods One hundred and forty-seven individual mammals (37 primates, 43 carnivores, 62 herbivores, and 5 rodents) were examined for parasitic infections by fecal examination daily for 3 consecutive days using the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique (FECT) and the agar plate culture method. Results According to FECT, the overall prevalence of GI parasites was 62.6% (92/147). Within animal groups, the numbers were as follows: 67.6% (25/37) in primates, 23.3% (10/43) in carnivores, 85.5% (53/62) in herbivores, and 80.0% (4/5) in rodents. Using the agar plate culture method, 21.43% (27/126) were positive for Strongyloides spp. and hookworm infections. The GI parasites identified belonged to three categories: protozoa (including Entamoeba histolytica species complex, Entamoeba coli, Giardia spp., coccidia, and ciliated protozoa), trematodes (minute intestinal flukes and rumen flukes), and nematodes (strongyle/hookworm, Strongyloides spp., Ascarididae, and Trichuris spp.). Conclusion The findings of this study indicate the prevalence of several GI parasites in zoo animals with the potential for transmission to humans, given the animals' close proximity to both visitors and animal caretakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirawat Sangpeng
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Chatanun Eamudomkarn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Nuttanan Hongsrichan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Atchara Artchayasawat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Chavin Chaisongkram
- Department of Research Conservation and Animal Health, Khon Kaen Zoo, 40280, Thailand
| | - Kanda Ponsrila
- Department of Research Conservation and Animal Health, Khon Kaen Zoo, 40280, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Kimkamkaew
- Department of Research Conservation and Animal Health, Khon Kaen Zoo, 40280, Thailand
| | - Nonglak Laoprom
- Department of General Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, 47000, Thailand
| | - Thidarut Boonmars
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Opal Pitaksakulrat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
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Dib LV, Barbosa A, da Silva B, Pissinatti A, Moreira S, Tavares MC, Teixeira R, da Costa AL, Muniz JA, Junglos A, Hirano ZM, Amendoeira MR. Gastrointestinal Parasites Affecting Non-Human Primates That Are Kept Ex Situ and Their Handlers in Different Brazilian Institutions: Diagnosis and Analysis of Risk Factors. Pathogens 2023; 12:1410. [PMID: 38133294 PMCID: PMC10745941 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Determining gastrointestinal parasites' frequency in non-human primates (NHPs) and handlers in different Brazilian institutions, and associate it with management information. METHODS Different institutions in São Paulo (A), Brasília (B), Rio de Janeiro (C), Pará (D) and Santa Catarina (E) were included in the study. Fecal samples were processed by using coproparasitological techniques; information about NHP handling and professionals' routine were collected through the use of questionnaires. RESULTS In total, 33.1% of 511 NHP samples were positive for parasites; the Entamoebidae Group and Strongyloides sp.-compatible eggs were the most detected protozoa and helminths, respectively. The Entamoebidae Group was mainly diagnosed in Alouatta from Institutions E and D, and was also the only parasite detected in handlers. Strongyloides-compatible eggs were mostly evident in fecal samples collected from Cebidae from Institutions B and D. Some risk factors associated with parasite infection were a high number of animals in the same enclosure and their use for research protocol purposes, whereas quarantine, a post-infection vacant period in enclosures and antiparasitic supply were categorized as protective factors against these agents' infection. CONCLUSIONS Parasites showing different transmission routes but concomitantly circulating in NHP institutions located in different Brazilian regions were identified in the current study, with an emphasis on those presenting zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Verdan Dib
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (A.B.); (M.R.A.)
- Medicine Faculty of Campos (FMC), Campos dos Goytacazes 28035-581, Brazil
| | - Alynne Barbosa
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (A.B.); (M.R.A.)
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24020-140, Brazil;
| | - Breno da Silva
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24020-140, Brazil;
| | - Alcides Pissinatti
- Primatology Center of Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ), Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA), Guapimirim 25940-000, Brazil; (A.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Silvia Moreira
- Primatology Center of Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ), Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA), Guapimirim 25940-000, Brazil; (A.P.); (S.M.)
| | | | - Rodrigo Teixeira
- Quinzinho de Barros Municipal Zoological Park (Zoo Sorocaba), Sorocaba 18020-268, Brazil; (R.T.); (A.L.d.C.)
- Wild Animals Graduate Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Paulista University “Julio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP-Botucatu), Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil
| | - André Luíz da Costa
- Quinzinho de Barros Municipal Zoological Park (Zoo Sorocaba), Sorocaba 18020-268, Brazil; (R.T.); (A.L.d.C.)
| | - José Augusto Muniz
- National Primate Center (CENP), Ananindeua 67033-009, Brazil; (J.A.M.); (A.J.)
| | - Amauri Junglos
- National Primate Center (CENP), Ananindeua 67033-009, Brazil; (J.A.M.); (A.J.)
| | | | - Maria Regina Amendoeira
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (A.B.); (M.R.A.)
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Dujon AM, Jeanjean J, Vincze O, Giraudeau M, Lemaître J, Pujol P, Ujvari B, Thomas F. Cancer hygiene hypothesis: A test from wild captive mammals. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10547. [PMID: 37745791 PMCID: PMC10515881 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The hygiene hypothesis, according to which the recent reduction of exposure to infectious agents in the human species would be the origin of various diseases, including autoimmune diseases and cancer, has often been proposed but not properly tested on animals. Here, we evaluated the relevance of this hypothesis to cancer risk in mammals in an original way, namely by using information on zoo mammals. We predicted that a higher richness of parasitic cohorts in the species' natural habitat would result in a greater occurrence of evolutionary mismatch due to the reduction of parasites in captive conditions. This, in turn, could contribute to an increased risk of developing lethal cancers. Using a comparative analysis of 112 mammalian species, we explored the potential relationship between cancer risk and parasite species richness using generalized phylogenetic least squares regressions to relate parasite species richness to cancer risk data. We found no strong evidence that parasite species richness increased cancer risk in zoo mammals for any of the parasite groups we tested. Without constituting definitive proof of the irrelevance of the hygienic hypothesis, our comparative study using zoo mammals does not support it, at least with respect to cancer risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine M. Dujon
- Geelong, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative EcologyDeakin UniversityWaurn PondsVictoriaAustralia
- CREEC/CANECEV (CREES), MIVEGEC, IRD 224–CNRS 5290–Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Jérémy Jeanjean
- CREEC/CANECEV (CREES), MIVEGEC, IRD 224–CNRS 5290–Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Orsolya Vincze
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Centre for Ecological ResearchDebrecenHungary
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Hungarian Department of Biology and EcologyBabes‐Bolyai UniversityCluj‐NapocaRomania
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS‐La Rochelle UniversitéLa RochelleFrance
| | - Mathieu Giraudeau
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS‐La Rochelle UniversitéLa RochelleFrance
| | - Jean‐François Lemaître
- CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie EvolutiveUniversité de LyonVilleurbanneFrance
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH)University Hospital of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Pascal Pujol
- CREEC/CANECEV (CREES), MIVEGEC, IRD 224–CNRS 5290–Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Arnaud de VilleneuveMontpellierFrance
| | - Beata Ujvari
- Geelong, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative EcologyDeakin UniversityWaurn PondsVictoriaAustralia
- CREEC/CANECEV (CREES), MIVEGEC, IRD 224–CNRS 5290–Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- CREEC/CANECEV (CREES), MIVEGEC, IRD 224–CNRS 5290–Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
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