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Aničić N, Matekalo D, Skorić M, Gašić U, Nestorović Živković J, Dmitrović S, Božunović J, Milutinović M, Petrović L, Dimitrijević M, Anđelković B, Mišić D. Functional iridoid synthases from iridoid producing and non-producing Nepeta species (subfam. Nepetoidae, fam. Lamiaceae). Front Plant Sci 2024; 14:1211453. [PMID: 38235204 PMCID: PMC10792066 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1211453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Iridoids, a class of atypical monoterpenes, exhibit exceptional diversity within the Nepeta genus (subfam. Nepetoidae, fam. Lamiaceae).The majority of these plants produce iridoids of the unique stereochemistry, with nepetalactones (NLs) predominating; however, a few Nepeta species lack these compounds. By comparatively analyzing metabolomics, transcriptomics, gene co-expression, and phylogenetic data of the iridoid-producing N. rtanjensis Diklić & Milojević and iridoid-lacking N. nervosa Royle & Bentham, we presumed that one of the factors responsible for the absence of these compounds in N. nervosa is iridoid synthase (ISY). Two orthologues of ISY were mined from leaves transcriptome of N. rtanjensis (NrPRISE1 and NrPRISE2), while in N. nervosa only one (NnPRISE) was identified, and it was phylogenetically closer to the representatives of the Family 1 isoforms, designated as P5βRs. Organ-specific and MeJA-elicited profiling of iridoid content and co-expression analysis of IBG candidates, highlighted NrPRISE2 and NnPRISE as promising candidates for ISY orthologues, and their function was confirmed using in vitro assays with recombinant proteins, after heterologous expression of recombinant proteins in E. coli and their His-tag affinity purification. NrPRISE2 demonstrated ISY activity both in vitro and likely in planta, which was supported by the 3D modeling and molecular docking analysis, thus reclassification of NrPRISE2 to NrISY is accordingly recommended. NnPRISE also displays in vitro ISY-like activity, while its role under in vivo conditions was not here unambiguously confirmed. Most probably under in vivo conditions the NnPRISE lacks substrates to act upon, as a result of the loss of function of some of the upstream enzymes of the iridoid pathway. Our ongoing work is conducted towards re-establishing the biosynthesis of iridoids in N. nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Aničić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Matekalo
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marijana Skorić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Uroš Gašić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Nestorović Živković
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slavica Dmitrović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Božunović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Milutinović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Luka Petrović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Dimitrijević
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Danijela Mišić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Lee J, Wang M, Zhao J, Avula B, Chittiboyina AG, Li J, Wu C, Khan IA. Chemical Authentication and Speciation of Salvia Botanicals: An Investigation Utilizing GC/Q-ToF and Chemometrics. Foods 2022; 11:2132. [PMID: 35885375 PMCID: PMC9322183 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Salvia are used as culinary herbs and are prized for their purported medicinal attributes. Since physiological effects can vary widely between species of Salvia, it is of great importance to accurately identify botanical material to ensure safety for consumers. In the present study, an in-depth chemical investigation is performed utilizing GC/Q-ToF combined with chemometrics. Twenty-four authentic plant samples representing five commonly used Salvia species, viz. S. apiana, S. divinorum, S. mellifera, S. miltiorrhiza, and S. officinalis, are analyzed using a GC/Q-ToF technique. High-resolution spectral data are employed to construct a sample class prediction (SCP) model followed by principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). This model demonstrates 100% accuracy for both prediction and recognition abilities. Additionally, the marker compounds present in each species are identified. Furthermore, to reduce the time required and increase the confidence level for compound identification and the classification of different Salvia species, a personal compound database and library (PCDL) containing marker and characteristic compounds is constructed. By combining GC/Q-ToF, chemometrics, and PCDL, the unambiguous identification of Salvia botanicals is achieved. This high-throughput method can be utilized for species specificity and to probe the overall quality of various Salvia-based products.
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Rodríguez Lara A, Mesa-García MD, Medina KAD, Quirantes Piné R, Casuso RA, Segura Carretero A, Huertas JR. Assessment of the Phytochemical and Nutrimental Composition of Dark Chia Seed ( Salvia hispánica L.). Foods 2021; 10:3001. [PMID: 34945556 PMCID: PMC8702123 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chia seeds are rich sources of different macro and micronutrients associated with health benefits; thus, they may be considered as a functional food. However, the composition depends on the variety, origin, climate and soil. Here, we show a comprehensive characterization of extractable and non-extractable phenolic compounds of dark chia seed Salvia hispanica L. using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight (HPLC-ESI-QTOF) and discuss potential health benefits associated with the presence of a number of nutritional and bioactive compounds. We report that dark chia from Jalisco is a high-fiber food, containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, essential amino acids (phenylalanine and tryptophan), and nucleosides (adenosine, guanidine and uridine), and rich in antioxidant phenolic compounds, mainly caffeic acid metabolites. Our data suggest that chia seeds may be used as ingredients for the development of functional foods and dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avilene Rodríguez Lara
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18100 Granada, Spain; (A.R.L.); (R.A.C.)
| | - María Dolores Mesa-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18100 Granada, Spain;
- Ibs.GRANADA, Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Karla Alejandra Damián Medina
- University Center of Tonala, University of Guadalajara, Av 555 Ejido San José Tateposco, Nuevo Periferico Oriente, Tonala 45425, Mexico;
| | - Rosa Quirantes Piné
- Technological Centre for Research and Development of Functional Foods, Avenida del Conocimiento, 37, 18100 Granada, Spain; (R.Q.P.); (A.S.C.)
| | - Rafael A. Casuso
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18100 Granada, Spain; (A.R.L.); (R.A.C.)
| | - Antonio Segura Carretero
- Technological Centre for Research and Development of Functional Foods, Avenida del Conocimiento, 37, 18100 Granada, Spain; (R.Q.P.); (A.S.C.)
| | - Jesús Rodríguez Huertas
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18100 Granada, Spain; (A.R.L.); (R.A.C.)
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Lin P, Wang Q, Liu Y, Qin Z, Gao H, Ye M, Shang H, Yao X, Yao Z. Characterization of chemical profile and quantification of representative components of DanLou tablet, a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, by UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS combined with UHPLC-TQ-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 180:113070. [PMID: 31911285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
DanLou tablet (DLT), a famous traditional Chinese medicine prescription (TCMP) consisting of 10 herbal medicines, is extensively used for the treatment of angina pectoris and acute coronary syndrome in China. However, active chemical constituents responsible for the therapeutic effects still remain unclear, due to the fact that the complex composition in DLT have not been holistically clarified. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the chemical profile and simultaneously quantify the representative components in DLT. First, 157 chemical constituents including flavonoids, triterpenoids, tanshinones, lactones, phenolic acids, paeoniflorins and the other types of components were detected, among which 39 were exactly identified by comparing their retention times and MS fragmentation behaviors with those of authentic standards by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS). Moreover, 33 representative components were simultaneously quantified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TQ-MS), which were selected based on following three principles: qualitative and quantitative markers in the Chinese Pharmacopeia (2015 edition), bioactive components possessing cardiovascular-related in vivo or in vitro activities and those derived from 10 consisted herbs in DLT with a diversity of representative structure types. The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, repeatability and recovery and successfully applied for the quality evaluation of 20 batches of DLT samples. Further chemometric analysis indicated that danshensu and salvianolic acid B were the most significant quantitative markers for the content fluctuation of DLT. In summary, the chemical profiles of DLT were systematically characterized and a practical quantitative method combined with chemometrics was developed to evaluate the intrinsic quality of multiple DLT samples in this study. The present work would be helpful for guaranteeing the safety, efficacy, and controllability in clinical medication of DLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yuehe Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zifei Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Hao Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development Ministry of P.R. China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongcai Shang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development Ministry of P.R. China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhihong Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development Ministry of P.R. China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Xu J, Wei K, Zhang G, Lei L, Yang D, Wang W, Han Q, Xia Y, Bi Y, Yang M, Li M. Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Chinese Salvia species: A review. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 225:18-30. [PMID: 29935346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Salvia is one of the largest genera of the Lamiaceae family. In China, about 40 Salvia species have been used as medicinal plants for treatment of various diseases, specifically hepatic and renal diseases and those of the cardiovascular and immune systems. AIM OF THIS REVIEW This review aims to provide systematically organized information on the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of medicinal Salvia species in China to support their therapeutic potential in the treatment of human diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant information on the Chinese Salvia species was obtained from scientific online databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and SciFinder. Additional information was derived from other literature sources (e.g. Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015 edition, Chinese herbal classic books, PhD and MSc thesis, etc). RESULTS Our comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature indicates that many Chinese Salvia species are valuable and popular herbal medicines with therapeutic potentials to cure various ailments. Phytochemical analyses identified diterpenoids and phenolic acids as the major bioactive substances in Chinese Salvia species. Crude extracts and pure compounds isolated from the Chinese Salvia species exhibited various pharmacological activities, typically targeting the cardiovascular and immune systems and hepatic and renal diseases. CONCLUSION This review summarizes the results from current studies about basic properties of medicinal Salvia species in China, such as active constituents and their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, underlying molecular mechanisms, toxicology, and efficacy, which are still being studied and explored to achieve integration into medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Xu
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Kunhua Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Lujing Lei
- Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, China
| | - Dawei Yang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wenle Wang
- Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, China
| | - Qiheng Han
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yuan Xia
- Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, China
| | - Yaqiong Bi
- Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, China
| | - Min Yang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Minhui Li
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China; Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, China.
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Zhi H, Li Z, Deng Y, Qi P, Hou J, Deng W, Cheng J, Wu W, Guo D. Comparative in vivo constituents and pharmacokinetic study in rats after oral administration of ultrafine granular powder and traditional decoction slices of Chinese Salvia. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 33:e4385. [PMID: 30242797 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza, one of the most well-known herbal medicines, is commonly used for the treatment of coronary heart diseases in China. Besides traditional decoction slices (TDS), another relatively new product of S. miltiorrhiza, ultrafine granular powder (UGP; D90 < 45 μm), is also increasingly being used. In this paper, a UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS technique was developed for a metabolite profile study after oral administration of UGP and TDS of S. miltiorrhiza. The results showed that the number of in vivo absorbed compounds from UGP was much greater than that from TDS, and different types of products from S. miltiorrhiza will have different metabolic processes in vivo. Furthermore, a UHPLC-Q-Trap MS/MS method for simultaneously determining four tanshinones (tanshinone IIA, dihydrotanshinone I, tanshinone I and cryptotanshinone) was established and applied to assess the pharmacokinetics of the two types of products. All of the analytes displayed significant higher area under the concentration-time curve and peak concentration after oral administration of UGP than after TDS, indicating that ultrafine powder product could improve the bioavailability and absorption of cryptotanshinon,tanshinone II A,dihydrotanshinonE I and tanshinone I in vivo. The present study provides scientific information for further exploration of the pharmacology of these two types of S. miltiorrhiza and offers a reference for clinical administration of S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijuan Zhi
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenwei Li
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanping Deng
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Qi
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjun Hou
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Technology of Breaking Cell Wall and Application in Chinese Medicine Decoction Pieces, Zhongshan, China
| | - Jinle Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Technology of Breaking Cell Wall and Application in Chinese Medicine Decoction Pieces, Zhongshan, China
| | - Wanying Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dean Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Liu P, Yang H, Long F, Hao HP, Xu X, Liu Y, Shi XW, Zhang DD, Zheng HC, Wen QY, Li WW, Ji H, Jiang XJ, Zhang BL, Qi LW, Li P. Bioactive equivalence of combinatorial components identified in screening of an herbal medicine. Pharm Res 2014; 31:1788-800. [PMID: 24549817 PMCID: PMC4062815 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1283-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To identify bioactive equivalent combinatorial components (BECCs) in herbal medicines. The exact composition of effective components in herbal medicines is often elusive due to the lack of adequate screening methodology. Herein, we propose a hypothesis that BECCs accounting for the whole efficacy of original herbal medicines could be discovered from a complex mixture of constituents. Methods We developed a bioactive equivalence oriented feedback screening method and applied it to discover the BECCs from an herbal preparation Cardiotonic Pill (CP). The operations include chemical profiling of CP, followed by an iterative loop of determining, collecting and evaluating candidate BECCs. Results A combination of 18 compounds was identified as BECCs from CP, which accounts for 15.0% (w/w) of original CP. We have demonstrated that the BECCs were as effective as CP in cell models and in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Conclusions This work answers the key question of which are real bioactive components for CP that have been used in clinic for many years, and provides a promising approach for discovering BECCs from herbal medicines. More importantly, the BECCs could be extended to improve quality control of herbal products and inspire an herbal medicines based discovery of combinatorial therapeutics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11095-013-1283-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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Abstract
Tanshinones are a class of abietane diterpene compound isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen or Tanshen in Chinese), a well-known herb in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Since they were first identified in the 1930s, more than 40 lipophilic tanshinones and structurally related compounds have been isolated from Danshen. In recent decades, numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the isolation, identification, synthesis and pharmacology of tanshinones. In addition to the well-studied cardiovascular activities, tanshinones have been investigated more recently for their anti-cancer activities in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we update the herbal and alternative sources of tanshinones, and the pharmacokinetics of selected tanshinones. We discuss anti-cancer properties and identify critical issues for future research. Whereas previous studies have suggested anti-cancer potential of tanshinones affecting multiple cellular processes and molecular targets in cell culture models, data from in vivo potency assessment experiments in preclinical models vary greatly due to lack of uniformity of solvent vehicles and routes of administration. Chemical modifications and novel formulations had been made to address the poor oral bioavailability of tanshinones. So far, human clinical trials have been far from ideal in their design and execution for the purpose of supporting an anti-cancer indication of tanshinones.
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