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Fontana A, Vieira JG, Vianna JM, Bichowska M, Krzysztofik M, Wilk M, Reis VM. Reduction of leptin levels during acute exercise is dependent on fasting but not on caloric restriction during chronic exercise: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288730. [PMID: 38015889 PMCID: PMC10684016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of leptin in controlling body mass has recently gained more attention. Its levels are directly associated with the amount of fat mass, but not necessarily dependent on it. Exercise has great potential in reducing leptin levels, however the response of exercise to this cytokine is still not well understood. OBJECTIVE The objective of the review was to analyze the effects of physical exercise on plasma leptin concentration, either acutely (post-exercise/training session) and/or after a training period (short- or long-term), as well as to investigate the existence of possible moderating variables. METHODS The studies included in this systematic review were published between 2005 and May 2023. Only peer-reviewed studies, available in English, performed with humans that evaluated the effects of any form of exercise on leptin levels were included. The search was conducted on May 03, 2023, in Embase (Elsevier), MEDLINE via PubMed®, and Web of Science (Core collection). The risk of bias in the included trials was assessed by the Physiotherapy Evidence Database tool, considering 11 questions regarding the methodology of each study with 10 questions being scored. The data (n, mean, and standard deviation) were extracted from included studies to perform random effects meta-analyses using standardized mean difference between the pre- and post-intervention effects. RESULTS Twenty-five studies (acute effect: 262 subjects; short- and long-term effect: 377 subjects) were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Short- and long-term physical exercise and caloric restriction plus exercise reduce plasma leptin levels, presenting statistically significant differences (p<0.001); as well as acute effect (p = 0.035), however the latter result was influenced by the pre-exercise meal as shown in the subgroup analysis. In this meta-analysis the effect of moderating factors on leptin reduction, not addressed by past reviews, is verified, such as the relationship with caloric restriction, exercise intensity and pre-exercise meal on acute responses. CONCLUSION Both acute and chronic exercise reduce leptin levels, yet the acute effect is dependent on the pre-exercise meal. In addition to having a long-term reduction in leptin levels, the minimum amount of weekly exercise to have a significant reduction in plasma leptin is 180 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise and 120 minutes of high-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Fontana
- Master in Sports Science, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - João Guilherme Vieira
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil
- Strength Training Research Laboratory, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Macedo Vianna
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil
- Strength Training Research Laboratory, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Marta Bichowska
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Victor Machado Reis
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences & Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
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Salvadori A, Fanari P, Marzullo P, Codecasa F, Tovaglieri I, Cornacchia M, Terruzzi I, Ferrulli A, Palmulli P, Brunani A, Lanzi S, Luzi L. Playing around the anaerobic threshold during COVID-19 pandemic: advantages and disadvantages of adding bouts of anaerobic work to aerobic activity in physical treatment of individuals with obesity. Acta Diabetol 2021; 58:1329-1341. [PMID: 34047810 PMCID: PMC8159723 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-021-01747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is a condition that generally limits work capacity and predisposes to a number of comorbidities and related diseases, the last being COVID-19 and its complications and sequelae. Physical exercise, together with diet, is a milestone in its management and rehabilitation, although there is still a debate on intensity and duration of training. Anaerobic threshold (AT) is a broad term often used either as ventilatory threshold or as lactate threshold, respectively, detected by respiratory ventilation and/or respiratory gases (VCO2 and VO2), and by blood lactic acid. AIMS AND METHODOLOGY This review outlines the role of AT and of the different variations of growth hormone and catecholamine, in subjects with obesity vs normal weight individuals below and beyond AT, during a progressive increase in exercise training. We present a re-evaluation of the effects of physical activity on body mass and metabolism of individuals with obesity in light of potential benefits and pitfalls during COVID-19 pandemic. Comparison of a training program at moderate-intensity exercise (< AT) with training performed at moderate intensity (< AT) plus a final bout of high-intensity (> AT) exercise at the end of the aerobic session will be discussed. RESULTS Based on our data and considerations, a tailored strategy for individuals with obesity concerning the most appropriate intensity of training in the context of rehabilitation is proposed, with special regard to potential benefits of work program above AT. CONCLUSION Adding bouts of exercise above AT may improve lactic acid and H+ disposal and improve growth hormone. Long-term aerobic exercise may improve leptin reduction. In this way, the propensity of subjects with obesity to encounter a serious prognosis of COVID-19 may be counteracted and the systemic and cardiorespiratory sequelae that may ensue after COVID-19, can be overcome. Individuals with serious comorbidities associated with obesity should avoid excessive exercise intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Salvadori
- Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Verbania (VB), Italy
| | - Paolo Fanari
- Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Verbania (VB), Italy
| | - Paolo Marzullo
- Division of General Medicine, Ospedale S. Giuseppe, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, via Cadorna 90, 28824, Piancavallo Di Oggebbio (VB), Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Franco Codecasa
- Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Verbania (VB), Italy
| | - Ilaria Tovaglieri
- Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Verbania (VB), Italy
| | - Mauro Cornacchia
- Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Verbania (VB), Italy
| | - Ileana Terruzzi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Milanese 300, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Ferrulli
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Milanese 300, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Palmulli
- Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Verbania (VB), Italy
| | - Amelia Brunani
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Verbania (VB), Italy
| | - Stefano Lanzi
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Livio Luzi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Milanese 300, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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González-Jurado JA, Suárez-Carmona W, López S, Sánchez-Oliver AJ. Changes in Lipoinflammation Markers in People with Obesity after a Concurrent Training Program: A Comparison between Men and Women. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E6168. [PMID: 32854366 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is related to low-grade systemic inflammation. This state of inflammation is characterized by the alteration in adipokine regulation, which may lead to a situation of cardiometabolic risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a concurrent training program on markers of lipoinflammation in adult people with obesity, comparing the response to the training between men and women. A quasi-experimental, quantitative, and longitudinal study with a pre–post intervention was conducted. An 8-week concurrent training program was carried out, in which 26 individuals with obesity participated (mean ± SD; age = 46.38 ± 4.66) (BMI = 36.05 ± 4.99) (12 men and 14 women). Before and after the intervention period, blood samples were taken by percutaneous puncture. The blood levels of adiponectin and leptin were evaluated. Significant differences were obtained in the adiponectin–leptin ratio (A/L ratio) of the entire sample (p = 0.009, ES = 0.53), which indicates a decrease in the risk of cardiovascular diseases and lipoinflammation. There were no significant differences in the improvements observed after the training in A/L ratio between women (A/L change = +63.5%) and men (A/L change= +59.2%). It can be concluded that the combination of aerobic exercise and resistance training induced an improvement in markers of lipoinflammation and cardiometabolic risk in the individuals with obesity evaluated in this study.
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Mahieu MA, Ahn GE, Chmiel JS, Dunlop DD, Helenowski IB, Semanik P, Song J, Yount S, Chang RW, Ramsey-Goldman R. Serum adipokine levels and associations with patient-reported fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int 2018; 38:1053-1061. [PMID: 29302804 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-017-3924-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity ameliorates fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients by an unknown mechanism. Adipokines, which are influenced by adiposity and physical activity, may be associated with patient-reported fatigue. We describe cross-sectional associations between adipokines and fatigue, physical activity, and SLE disease activity. We measured adipokines, self-reported fatigue, and objective physical activity in 129 SLE patients. Fatigue was assessed with the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System® (PROMIS®) Fatigue score. Disease activity was measured with the Safety of Estrogens in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment-Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SELENA-SLEDAI). Participants wore an accelerometer for 7 days to measure physical activity. Leptin, adiponectin, and resistin were measured in stored serum with a Luminex bead-based assay. Multivariable regression models assessed relationships between fatigue and adipokines, and Spearman correlation coefficients summarized associations between adipokines, physical activity, and SELENA-SLEDAI. Median adipokine levels were: leptin 30.5 ng/ml (Interquartile Range 14.0, 56.6), adiponectin 11.6 μg/ml (7.2, 16.8) and resistin 1.4 ng/ml (1.0, 2.2). Associations between adipokines and FSS or PROMIS fatigue were not significant. Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 was associated with FSS and PROMIS fatigue in regression analyses (p < 0.05). Weak correlations between leptin, adiponectin, leptin/adiponectin (L/A) ratio, and physical activity and between adiponectin and SELENA-SLEDAI score were not significant after adjusting for BMI. Adipokines were not associated with fatigue in SLE. Adipokines were correlated with physical activity (leptin, adiponectin, L/A ratio) and SLE disease activity (adiponectin), but most of these associations were explained by BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Mahieu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street M-300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Grace E Ahn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street M-300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Arthritis and Rheumatism Associates, Wheaton, MD, USA
| | - Joan S Chmiel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dorothy D Dunlop
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street M-300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Center for Healthcare Studies, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Irene B Helenowski
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pamela Semanik
- Department of Adult Health and Gerontological Nursing, Rush University College of Nursing, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jing Song
- Center for Healthcare Studies, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Susan Yount
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rowland W Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street M-300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Center for Healthcare Studies, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rosalind Ramsey-Goldman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street M-300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Gondim OS, de Camargo VTN, Gutierrez FA, Martins PFDO, Passos MEP, Momesso CM, Santos VC, Gorjão R, Pithon-Curi TC, Cury-Boaventura MF. Benefits of Regular Exercise on Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Normal Weight, Overweight and Obese Adults. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140596. [PMID: 26474157 PMCID: PMC4608693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic that increases the risk of several well-known co-morbidities. There is a complicated relationship between adipokines and low-grade inflammation in obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Physical activity practices have beneficial health effects on obesity and related disorders such as hypertension and dyslipidemia. We investigated the effects of 6 and 12 months of moderate physical training on the levels of adipokines and CVD markers in normal weight, overweight and obese volunteers. The 143 participants were followed up at baseline and after six and twelfth months of moderate regular exercise, 2 times a week, for 12 months. The volunteers were distributed into 3 groups: Normal Weight Group (NWG,), Overweight Group (OVG) and Obese Group (OBG). We evaluated blood pressure, resting heart rate, anthropometric parameters, body composition, fitness capacity (VO2max and isometric back strength), cardiovascular markers (CRP, total cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c, homocysteine) and adipokine levels (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, IL-6 and TNF-alpha). There were no significant changes in anthropometric parameters and body composition in any of the groups following 6 and 12 months of exercise training. Leptin, IL-6 levels and systolic blood pressure were significantly elevated in OBG before the training. Regular exercise decreased HDL-c, leptin, adiponectin and resistin levels and diastolic blood pressure in OVG. In OBG, exercise diminished HDL-c, homocysteine, leptin, resistin, IL-6, adiponectin. Moderate exercise had no effect on the body composition; however, exercise did promote beneficial effects on the low-grade inflammatory state and CVD clinical markers in overweight and obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Santos Gondim
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Post-Graduate Program in Human Movement Science, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Tadeu Nunes de Camargo
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Post-Graduate Program in Human Movement Science, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Almeida Gutierrez
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Post-Graduate Program in Human Movement Science, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Fátima de Oliveira Martins
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Post-Graduate Program in Human Movement Science, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Elizabeth Pereira Passos
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Post-Graduate Program in Human Movement Science, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cesar Miguel Momesso
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Post-Graduate Program in Human Movement Science, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Coneglian Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Gorjão
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Post-Graduate Program in Human Movement Science, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tania Cristina Pithon-Curi
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Post-Graduate Program in Human Movement Science, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Cury-Boaventura
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Post-Graduate Program in Human Movement Science, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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