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Dongxu Z. Trifluoromethylated hydrazones and acylhydrazones as potent nitrogen-containing fluorinated building blocks. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1741-1754. [PMID: 38025086 PMCID: PMC10667715 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing organofluorine derivatives, which are prepared using fluorinated building blocks, are among the most important active fragments in various pharmaceutical and agrochemical products. This review focuses on the reactivity, synthesis, and applications of fluoromethylated hydrazones and acylhydrazones. It summarizes recent methodologies that have been used for the synthesis of various nitrogen-containing organofluorine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Dongxu
- Department of Fire Protection Engineering, China Fire and Rescue Institute, Beijing 102202, P. R. of China
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2
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Mlostoń G, Urbaniak K, Palusiak M, Witczak ZJ, Würthwein EU. (3+2)-Cycloadditions of Levoglucosenone (LGO) with Fluorinated Nitrile Imines Derived from Trifluoroacetonitrile: An Experimental and Computational Study. Molecules 2023; 28:7348. [PMID: 37959767 PMCID: PMC10647924 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The in situ-generated N-aryl nitrile imines derived from trifluoroacetonitrile smoothly undergo (3+2)-cycloadditions onto the enone fragment of the levoglucosenone molecule, yielding the corresponding, five-membered cycloadducts. In contrast to the 'classic' C(Ph),N(Ph) nitrile imine, reactions with fluorinated C(CF3),N(Ar) analogues lead to stable pyrazolines in a chemo- and stereoselective manner. Based on the result of X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis, their structures were established as exo-cycloadducts with the location of the N-Ar terminus of the 1,3-dipole at the α-position of the enone moiety. The DFT computation demonstrated that the observed reaction pathway results from the strong dominance of kinetic control over thermodynamic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Mlostoń
- Department of Organic & Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, PL-91-403 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Urbaniak
- Department of Organic & Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, PL-91-403 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Marcin Palusiak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163/165, PL-90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew J. Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, 84 W. South Street, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA;
| | - Ernst-Ulrich Würthwein
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation (CMTC), Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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3
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Li G, Zhang H, Zhang G, Wei B, Liu B, Song H, Li Q, Ban S. Asymmetric Synthesis of Spiropyrazolone-Fused Dihydrofuran-naphthoquinones Bearing Contiguous Stereocenters via a Michael Addition/Chlorination/Nucleophilic Substitution Sequence. J Org Chem 2023; 88:4809-4813. [PMID: 36945756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c03013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
An enantioselective synthesis of spiropyrazolone-fused dihydrofuran-naphthoquinones is first demonstrated via a Michael addition/Chlorination/Nucleophilic substitution sequence. The reactions of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and α,β-unsaturated pyrazolones in the presence of the cinchona alkaloid derived hydrogen-bonding catalyst and NCS provide spiropyrazolone-fused 2,3-dihydronaphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-diones bearing contiguous stereocenters, of which one is the spiro quaternary stereocenter in high yields with exclusive diastereoselectivity and good to excellent enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaihui Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Guoshun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Bei Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Heng Song
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qingshan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
- Shanxi Key laboratory of Chronic Inflammatory Targeted Drugs, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, China
| | - Shurong Ban
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
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4
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Kowalczyk A, Świątek K, Celeda M, Utecht-Jarzyńska G, Jaskulska A, Gach-Janczak K, Jasiński M. Trifluoromethylated 4,5-Dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-6(1 H)-ones via (3+3)-Annulation of Nitrile Imines with α-Amino Esters. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:856. [PMID: 36676595 PMCID: PMC9864844 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of two series of monocyclic and bicyclic trifluoromethylated 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-one derivatives based on (3+3)-annulation of methyl esters derived from natural α-amino acids with in situ generated trifluoroacetonitrile imines has been described. The devised protocol is characterized by a wide scope, easily accessible substrates, remarkable functional group tolerance, and high chemical yield. In reactions with chiral starting materials, no racemization at the stereogenic centers was observed and the respective enantiomerically pure products were obtained. Selected functional group interconversions carried out under catalytic hydrogenation and mild PTC oxidation conditions were also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kowalczyk
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91403 Lodz, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Kamil Świątek
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91403 Lodz, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Celeda
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91403 Lodz, Poland
| | - Greta Utecht-Jarzyńska
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91403 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Jaskulska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gach-Janczak
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Jasiński
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91403 Lodz, Poland
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5
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Utecht-Jarzyńska G, Kowalczyk A, Jasiński M. Fluorinated and Non-Fluorinated 1,4-Diarylpyrazoles via MnO(2)-Mediated Mechanochemical Deacylative Oxidation of 5-Acylpyrazolines. Molecules 2022; 27. [PMID: 36500541 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A solvent-free two-step synthesis of polyfunctionalized pyrazoles under ball-milling mechanochemical conditions was developed. The protocol comprises (3 + 2)-cycloaddition of in situ generated nitrile imines and chalcones, followed by oxidation of the initially formed 5-acylpyrazolines with activated MnO2. The second step proceeds via an exclusive deacylative pathway, to give a series of 1,4-diarylpyrazoles functionalized with a fluorinated (CF3) or non-fluorinated (Ph, COOEt, Ac) substituent at C(3) of the heterocyclic ring. In contrast, MnO2-mediated oxidation of a model isomeric 4-acylpyrazoline proceeded with low chemoselectivity, leading to fully substituted pyrazole as a major product formed via dehydrogenative aromatization. The presented approach extends the scope of the known methods carried out in organic solvents and enables the preparation of polyfunctionalized pyrazoles, which are of general interest in medicine and material sciences.
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Zhang Y, Zeng JL, Chen Z, Wang R. Base-Promoted (3 + 2) Cycloaddition of Trifluoroacetohydrazonoyl Chlorides with Imidates En Route to Trifluoromethyl-1,2,4-Triazoles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14514-14522. [PMID: 36264227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A base-mediated (3 + 2) cycloaddition of trifluoroacetohydrazonoyl chlorides with imidates for the construction of 3-trifluoromethyl-1,2,4-triazoles has been described. This reaction is characterized by readily starting materials, simple reaction conditions, good yields, a broad substrate scope, and excellent regioselectivity. The utility of this protocol has been validated by the synthesis of a drug-like molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, the Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jun-Liang Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xuchang University, Henan 461000, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ren Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, the Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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8
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Yuan C, Ning X, Gao T, Zeng Z, Lee K, Xing Y, Sun S, Wang G. [3+2] Cycloaddition of Nitrile Imines with 3‐Benzylidene Succinimides: A Facile Access to Functionalized Spiropyrazolines. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yuan
- School of Pharmacy Hubei University of Science and Technology 437100 Xianning P. R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology Hubei University of Science and Technology Xianning 437100 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Ning
- School of Pharmacy Hubei University of Science and Technology 437100 Xianning P. R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology Hubei University of Science and Technology Xianning 437100 P. R. China
| | - Tao Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology Hubei University of Science and Technology Xianning 437100 P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology Hubei University of Science and Technology Xianning 437100 P. R. China
| | - Kevin Lee
- Department of Chemistry William Paterson University of New Jersey Wayne 07470 New Jersey
| | - Yalan Xing
- Department of Chemistry William Paterson University of New Jersey Wayne 07470 New Jersey
| | - Shaofa Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology Hubei University of Science and Technology Xianning 437100 P. R. China
| | - Gangqiang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology Hubei University of Science and Technology Xianning 437100 P. R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences South-Central University for Nationalities Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
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9
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Utecht-Jarzyńska G, Nagła K, Mlostoń G, Heimgartner H, Palusiak M, Jasiński M. A straightforward conversion of 1,4-quinones into polycyclic pyrazoles via [3 + 2]-cycloaddition with fluorinated nitrile imines. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1509-1517. [PMID: 34285722 PMCID: PMC8261526 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In-situ-generated N-aryl nitrile imines derived from trifluoroacetonitrile efficiently react with polycyclic 1,4-quinones, yielding fused pyrazole derivatives as the exclusive products. The reactions proceed via the initially formed [3 + 2]-cycloadducts, which undergo spontaneous aerial oxidation to give aromatized heterocyclic products. Only for 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone, the expected [3 + 2]-cycloadduct exhibited fair stability and could be isolated in moderate yield (53%). The presented method offers a straightforward access to hitherto little known trifluoromethylated polycyclic pyrazoles. All products were isolated as pale colored solids with medium-intensity absorption maxima in the range of 310-340 nm for naphthoquinone-derived products and low-intensity bands in the visible region (≈400 nm) for the anthraquinone series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Utecht-Jarzyńska
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Karolina Nagła
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Mlostoń
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Heinz Heimgartner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Palusiak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163/165, 90236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Marcin Jasiński
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91403 Łódź, Poland
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10
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11
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Utecht-Jarzyńska G, Mykhaylychenko SS, Rusanov EB, Shermolovich YG, Jasiński M, Mlostoń G. Highly fluorinated 2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives via [3+2]-cycloadditions of tertiary thioamides with nitrile imines derived from trifluoroacetonitrile. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2020.109702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Kowalczyk A, Utecht-Jarzyńska G, Mlostoń G, Jasiński M. A straightforward access to 3-trifluoromethyl-1H-indazoles via (3+2)-cycloaddition of arynes with nitrile imines derived from trifluoroacetonitrile. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2020.109691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Li C, Zhang X, He J, Xu S, Cao S. Et
3
N‐Catalyzed
Cycloaddition Reactions of α‐(Trifluoromethyl)styrenes with 2,2,
2‐Trifluorodiazoethane
to Access Bis(trifluoromethyl)‐Substituted Pyrazolines. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xuxue Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Normal University Jinan Shandong 250200 China
| | - Jingjing He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Sixue Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Song Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
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Su Y, Ma C, Zhao Y, Yang C, Feng Y, Wang KH, Huang D, Huo C, Hu Y. Regioselective synthesis of spiro naphthofuranone-pyrazoline via a [3+2] cycloaddition of benzoaurones with nitrile imines. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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15
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Abstract
The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction is a powerful and versatile strategy for
the synthesis of carbocyclic and heterocyclic five-membered rings. Herein, the most recent
developments on the [3+2] cycloaddition reactions using allenes acting either as dipolarophiles
or 1,3-dipole precursors, are highlighted. The recent contributions on the
phosphine- and transition metal-catalyzed [3+2] annulations involving allenes as substrates
are also covered, with the exception of those in which the formation of a 1,3-dipole
(or synthetic equivalent) is not invoked.
This review summarizes the most relevant research in which allenes are used as building
blocks for the construction of structurally diverse five-membered rings via [3+2] annulation
reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Cardoso
- CQC and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria I.L. Soares
- CQC and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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16
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Heimgartner H, Jasiński M, Utecht-Jarzyńska G, Świątek K, Mlostoń G. Novel Trifluoromethylated Spiro-1,3,4-thiadiazoles via [3+2]-Cycloadditions of 2,3-Diphenylcyclopropenethione with Selected in situ-Generated Nitrile Imines Derived from Trifluoroacetonitrile. HETEROCYCLES 2020. [DOI: 10.3987/com-19-s(f)20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Utecht-jarzyńska G, Michalak A, Banaś J, Mlostoń G, Jasiński M. Trapping of trifluoroacetonitrile imines with mercaptoacetaldehyde and mercaptocarboxylic acids: An access to fluorinated 1,3,4-thiadiazine derivatives via (3+3)-annulation. J Fluor Chem 2019; 222-223:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Su Y, Zhao Y, Chang B, Zhao X, Zhang R, Liu X, Huang D, Wang KH, Huo C, Hu Y. [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of para-Quinone Methides with Nitrile Imines: Approach to Spiro-pyrazoline-cyclohexadienones. J Org Chem 2019; 84:6719-6728. [PMID: 31021088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
[3 + 2] cycloaddition of para-quinone methides with nitrile imines under mild conditions has been achieved. The corresponding spiro-pyrazoline-cyclohexadienone products were constructed in good to excellent yields (up to 97% yield) with high regioselectivity. This straightforward protocol exhibits good functional group tolerance and scalability and provides the spiro-pyrazoline-cyclohexadienones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingpeng Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Northwest Normal University , 967 Anning East Road , Lanzhou 730070 , P. R. China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Northwest Normal University , 967 Anning East Road , Lanzhou 730070 , P. R. China
| | - Bingbing Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Northwest Normal University , 967 Anning East Road , Lanzhou 730070 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Northwest Normal University , 967 Anning East Road , Lanzhou 730070 , P. R. China
| | - Rong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Northwest Normal University , 967 Anning East Road , Lanzhou 730070 , P. R. China
| | - Xuan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Northwest Normal University , 967 Anning East Road , Lanzhou 730070 , P. R. China
| | - Danfeng Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Northwest Normal University , 967 Anning East Road , Lanzhou 730070 , P. R. China
| | - Ke-Hu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Northwest Normal University , 967 Anning East Road , Lanzhou 730070 , P. R. China
| | - Congde Huo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Northwest Normal University , 967 Anning East Road , Lanzhou 730070 , P. R. China
| | - Yulai Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Northwest Normal University , 967 Anning East Road , Lanzhou 730070 , P. R. China
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