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Wei YQ, Wan BN, Shen B, Yang L, Ji F, Wang Y, Chen M, Liu ZJ. An alternating continuous integration system for magnetic measurements for experimental advanced superconducting tokamak. Rev Sci Instrum 2023; 94:115101. [PMID: 37909840 DOI: 10.1063/5.0169108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Integrators are critical instruments used for magnetic measurement systems (MMSs) in tokamaks, and, currently, the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) has over 600 deployed. However, these integrators, designed with real-time drift compensation, will not be able to support longer pulse operations in the near future due to saturation and drift. To address these issues, this paper proposes a new alternating integration system combining analog integration with drift digital rectification. This system utilizes a microcontroller unit (MCU) to control two parallel analog integrators to work alternatively, compensate their drifts based on their respective error characteristics, and assemble the two integration segments together. The designed architecture provides highly flexible capabilities in operation modes and error correction, which make the system operation and maintenance highly automated. Performance tests on the EAST experiment site show that the prototype integrator can meet the requirements of real-time plasma control for a duration of hour-level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Q Wei
- School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - B N Wan
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - B Shen
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - L Yang
- School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - F Ji
- School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Y Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - M Chen
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Z J Liu
- School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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Marconato N, Cavazzana R, Bettini P, Rigoni A. Accurate Magnetic Sensor System Integrated Design. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20102929. [PMID: 32455732 PMCID: PMC7288339 DOI: 10.3390/s20102929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Inductive measurement of magnetic fields is a diagnostic technique widely used in several scientific fields, such as magnetically confined fusion, plasma thrusters and particle accelerators, where real time control and detailed characterization of physics phenomena are required. The accuracy of the measured data strongly influences the machine controllability and the scientific results. In the framework of the assembly modifications of the RFX-mod experiment, a complete renew and improvement of the magnetic diagnostic system, from the probes moved inside the vacuum vessel to the integrator modules, has been carried out. In this paper, the whole system making up the magnetic diagnostics is described, following the acquisition chain from the probe to the streamed data and illustrating the requirements and conflicting limitations which affect the different components, in order to provide a comprehensive overview useful for an integrated design of any new systems. The characterization of a prototypical implementation of the whole acquisition chain is presented, focusing on the flexible ADC architecture adopted for providing a purely numerical signal integration, highlighting the advantages that this technology offers in terms of flexibility, compactness and cost effectiveness, along with the limitations found in existing implementation in terms of ADC noise characteristics and their possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Marconato
- Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; (R.C.); (P.B.); (A.R.)
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Cavazzana
- Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; (R.C.); (P.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Paolo Bettini
- Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; (R.C.); (P.B.); (A.R.)
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Rigoni
- Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; (R.C.); (P.B.); (A.R.)
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Batista AJ, Naylor G, Capellà L, Neto A, Stephen A, Petrella N, Hall S, Sousa J, Carvalho B, Sartori F, Campagnolo R, Bas I, Gonçalves B, Arshad S, Vayakis G, Simrock S, Zabeo L. Testing results of chopper based integrator prototypes for the ITER magnetics. Fusion Engineering and Design 2018; 128:193-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2018.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Batista AJ, Capellà L, Neto A, Hall S, Naylor G, Stephen A, Sousa J, Carvalho B, Sartori F, Campagnolo R, Bas I, Gonçalves B, Arshad S, Vayakis G, Simrock S, Zabeo L. F4E prototype of a chopper digital integrator for the ITER magnetics. Fusion Engineering and Design 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Liu DM, Wan BN, Li J, Wang Y, Shen B, Gong XZ, He YG. Electromagnetic interference reduction design of alternating integrator for EAST. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D839. [PMID: 27910590 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An alternating integrator has been designed for the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak that is intended for long pulse operation of up to 1000 s. The electromagnetic operating environment for the device is so complex that it could affect the performance of the integrator. The new integrator system is carefully designed and actualized based on specific reduced electromagnetic interference requirements, which were formulated based on consideration of processing of the input signals, the isolation properties, and the circuit board layout and grounding. The developed integrator shows excellent electromagnetic compatibility and low-drift properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Liu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - B N Wan
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - J Li
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - B Shen
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - X Z Gong
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Y G He
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
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Liu DM, Li J, Wan BN, Lu Z, Wang LS, Jiang L, Lu CH, Huang J. Performance of current measurement system in poloidal field power supply for Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D842. [PMID: 27910616 DOI: 10.1063/1.4963868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As one of the core subsystems of the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), the poloidal field power system supplies energy to EAST's superconducting coils. To measure the converter current in the poloidal field power system, a current measurement system has been designed. The proposed measurement system is composed of a Rogowski coil and a newly designed integrator. The results of the resistor-inductor-capacitor discharge test and the converter equal current test show that the current measurement system provides good reliability and stability, and the maximum error of the proposed system is less than 1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Liu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - J Li
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - B N Wan
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Z Lu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - L S Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - L Jiang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - C H Lu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - J Huang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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Chen Y, Wang F, Li S, Xiao B, Yang F. The implementation of a data acquisition and service system based on HDF5. Fusion Engineering and Design 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2016.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang D, Yan X, Zhang E, Pan S. A long time low drift integrator with temperature control. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:105119. [PMID: 27802726 DOI: 10.1063/1.4964806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The output of an operational amplifier always contains signals that could not have been predicted, even with knowledge of the input and an accurately determined closed-loop transfer function. These signals lead to integrator zero-drift over time. A new type of integrator system with a long-term low-drift characteristic has therefore been designed. The integrator system is composed of a temperature control module and an integrator module. The aluminum printed circuit board of the integrator is glued to a thermoelectric cooler to maintain the electronic components at a stable temperature. The integration drift is automatically compensated using an analog-to-digital converter/proportional integration/digital-to-analog converter control circuit. Performance testing in a standard magnet shows that the proposed integrator, which has an integration time constant of 10 ms, has a low integration drift (<5 mV) over 1000 s after repeated measurements. The integrator can be used for magnetic flux measurements in most tokamaks and in the wire rope nondestructive test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglai Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolan Yan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Enchao Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shimin Pan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
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Xu Y, Ji X, Yang Q, Sun T, Yuan B, Liang S, Ren L, Zhou J. Development of a low-drift integrator system on the HL-2A tokamak. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:023507. [PMID: 26931849 DOI: 10.1063/1.4940027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we developed a new integrator system with low-drift and small integration time constant less than 1 ms, which applies to the weak signals from magnetic measurements. This integrator system is designed on the basis of the analog drift compensation and the real-time digital correction of residual drift. The analog drift compensation is achieved by the subtraction between two integrators and the digital correction method is available due to the stability of integral drift in short time scale. The algorithm of the residual drift calculation and correction is implemented by the field programmable gate array. The integral drift can be well compensated within 10 mV/10 s at RC = 0.5 ms and meet the requirements of magnetic diagnostic on HL-2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Ji
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwei Yang
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Sun
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoshan Yuan
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyong Liang
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Leilei Ren
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
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Spuig P, Kumari P, Moreau M, Moreau P, Le-luyer A, Malard P. Enhanced integrators for WEST magnetic diagnostics. Fusion Engineering and Design 2015; 96-97:966-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2015.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Liu DM, Wan BN, Zhao WZ, Shen B, He YG, Chen B, Huang J, Liu HQ. Development of an alternating integrator for magnetic measurements for experimental advanced superconducting tokamak. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:11E826. [PMID: 25430391 DOI: 10.1063/1.4891706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance integrator is one of the key electronic devices for reliably controlling plasma in the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak for long pulse operation. We once designed an integrator system of real-time drift compensation, which has a low integration drift. However, it is not feasible for really continuous operations due to capacitive leakage error and nonlinearity error. To solve the above-mentioned problems, this paper presents a new alternating integrator. In the new integrator, the integrator system of real-time drift compensation is adopted as one integral cell while two such integral cells work alternately. To achieve the alternate function, a Field Programmable Gate Array built in the digitizer is utilized. The performance test shows that the developed integrator with the integration time constant of 20 ms has a low integration drift (<15 mV) for 1000 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Liu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - B N Wan
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - W Z Zhao
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - B Shen
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Y G He
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - B Chen
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - J Huang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - H Q Liu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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Wang Y, Ji Z, Xu G, Wang F, Li S, Sun X, Zhang Z. A digital long pulse integrator for EAST Tokamak. Fusion Engineering and Design 2014; 89:618-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Ding YH, Wang NC, Rao B, Jin XS, Chen ZP, Hu QM, Jin H, Jin W, Li JC, Xie SJ, Yi B, Zhuang G, Pan Y. Analytical compensation of axisymmetric equilibrium fluxes picked up by locked mode detectors in tokamaks. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:043502. [PMID: 24784602 DOI: 10.1063/1.4870416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the detection of locked modes using saddle loops, the problem of how to remove the axisymmetric equilibrium flux picked up by the loops has still to be solved. The problem becomes more difficult when there are conductive structures located near the saddle loops. In this paper, we present an analytical model based on lumped eddy current circuits and use it to interpret the measured equilibrium flux and the corresponding eddy current fluxes. Using this model, precise compensation for fluxes induced by the horizontal field coils and the toroidal field coils, with relative errors of less than 1%, has been realized for the saddle loops in the Joint Texas Experimental Tokamak. This paper also presents a new method to compensate for the detection of equilibrium flux by the locked mode detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - N C Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - B Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - X S Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Z P Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Q M Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - H Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - W Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - J C Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - S J Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - B Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - G Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Y Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Ji XQ, Yang QW, Xu Y, Sun TF, Yuan BS, Feng BB, Liu Y, Cui ZY, Lu J. Diamagnetic measurements by concentric loops in the HL-2A tokamak. Rev Sci Instrum 2013; 84:083507. [PMID: 24007065 DOI: 10.1063/1.4816842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The diamagnetic concentric loop method in the HL-2A tokamak is described in this article. The system consists of two concentric poloidal loops with different areas enclosing the plasma column and a short time constant differential integrator, RC < 1 ms. The diamagnetic flux in HL-2A ranges from 1 mWb to 2 mWb for typical discharges with plasma current Ip = 100-400 kA. The integrator output ranges from 0.1 V to 0.2 V with time constant RC = 0.5 ms, and differential area ΔS∕Sout ≈ 7%. Using hybrid analog-digital compensation, the integration drift can be well compensated within 5 mV∕10 s, which can meet the requirement of the concentric loop system. In this method, the measurement of differential area ΔS is not required. The vacuum toroidal flux can be compensated by adjusting the resistance in the integration circuit for several discharges with toroidal field only, which minimizes the additional error produced by a measurement of differential area. The diamagnetic concentric loop system improved the signal to noise ratio by using the short time constant integration. The system with a resolution of ±0.2 kJ can be used to study rapid changes in plasma stored energy, such as the additional power absorbed by the plasma, and the energy loss caused by edge localized modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Q Ji
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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Arpaia P, Bottura L, Fiscarelli L, Walckiers L. Performance of a fast digital integrator in on-field magnetic measurements for particle accelerators. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:024702. [PMID: 22380108 DOI: 10.1063/1.3673000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The fast digital integrator has been conceived to face most demanding magnet test requirements with a resolution of 10 ppm, a signal-to-noise ratio of 105 dB at 20 kHz, a time resolution of 50 ns, an offset of 10 ppm, and on-line processing. In this paper, the on-field achievements of the fast digital integrator are assessed by a specific measurement campaign at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). At first, the architecture and the metrological specifications of the instrument are reported. Then, the recent on-field achievements of (i) ±10 ppm of uncertainty in the measurement of the main field for superconducting magnets characterization, (ii) ±0.02 % of field uncertainty in quality assessment of small-aperture permanent magnets, and (iii) ±0.15 % of drift, in an excitation current measurement of 600 s under cryogenic conditions, are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Arpaia
- Engineering Department, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
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