1
|
Moore AS, Schlossberg DJ, Appelbe BD, Chandler GA, Crilly AJ, Eckart MJ, Forrest CJ, Glebov VY, Grim GP, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Kerr SM, Kilkenny J, Knauer JP. Neutron time of flight (nToF) detectors for inertial fusion experiments. Rev Sci Instrum 2023; 94:061102. [PMID: 37862497 DOI: 10.1063/5.0133655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Neutrons generated in Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) experiments provide valuable information to interpret the conditions reached in the plasma. The neutron time-of-flight (nToF) technique is well suited for measuring the neutron energy spectrum due to the short time (100 ps) over which neutrons are typically emitted in ICF experiments. By locating detectors 10s of meters from the source, the neutron energy spectrum can be measured to high precision. We present a contextual review of the current state of the art in nToF detectors at ICF facilities in the United States, outlining the physics that can be measured, the detector technologies currently deployed and analysis techniques used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D J Schlossberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B D Appelbe
- Centre for Inertial Fusion Studies, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - G A Chandler
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A J Crilly
- Centre for Inertial Fusion Studies, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - M J Eckart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C J Forrest
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 E River Rd., Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - V Y Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 E River Rd., Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - G P Grim
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E P Hartouni
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Hatarik
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S M Kerr
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - J P Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 E River Rd., Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kerr S, Eckart MJ, Hahn K, Hartouni EP, Jeet J, Landen OL, Moore AS, Schlossberg DJ. Construction and study of instrument response functions for analysis of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) neutron time-of-flight detectors. Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:113550. [PMID: 36461502 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) neutron time-of-flight (nToF) detectors uses a forward-fit routine that depends critically on the instrument response functions (IRFs) of the diagnostics. The details of the IRFs used can have large impacts on measurements such as ion temperature and down-scattered ratio (DSR). Here, we report on the recent steps taken to construct and validate nToF IRFs at the NIF to an increased degree of accuracy, as well as remove the need for fixed DSR baseline offsets. The IRF is treated in two parts: a "core," measured experimentally with an x-ray impulse source, and a "tail" that occurs later in time and has limited experimental data. The tail region is calibrated with the data from indirect drive exploding pusher shots, which have little neutron scattering and are traditionally assumed to have zero DSR. Using analytic modeling estimates, the non-zero DSR for these shots is estimated. The impact of varying IRF tail components on DSR is investigated with a systematic parameter study, and good agreement is found with the non-zero DSR estimates. These approaches will be used to improve the precision and uncertainty of NIF nToF DSR measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kerr
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J Eckart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K Hahn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E P Hartouni
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Jeet
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A S Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D J Schlossberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moore AS, Hartouni EP, Schlossberg D, Kerr S, Eckart M, Carrera J, Ma L, Waltz C, Barker D, Gjemso J, Mariscal E, Grim G, Kilkenny J. The five line-of-sight neutron time-of-flight (nToF) suite on the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:023516. [PMID: 33648072 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of the neutron spectrum from inertial confinement fusion implosions is one of the primary diagnostics of implosion performance. Analysis of the spectrum gives access to quantities such as neutron yield, hot-spot velocity, apparent ion temperature, and compressed fuel ρr through measurement of the down-scatter ratio. On the National Ignition Facility, the neutron time-of-flight suite has been upgraded to include five independent, collimated lines of sight, each comprising a high dynamic range bibenzyl/diphenylacetylene-stilbene scintillator [R. Hatarik et al., Plasma Fusion Res. 9, 4404104 (2014)] and high-speed fused silica Cherenkov detectors [A. S. Moore et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 89, 10I120 (2018)].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E P Hartouni
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Schlossberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Kerr
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Eckart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Carrera
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Waltz
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Barker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Gjemso
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Mariscal
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Grim
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Detection of special nuclear materials (SNM) requires instruments that can detect and characterize uranium and plutonium isotopes, having at the same time the ability to discriminate among different types of radiation. For many decades, neutron detection has been based on 3He proportional counters sensitive primarily to thermal neutrons. The most common methods for detection of fast neutrons have been based on liquid scintillators with pulse shape discrimination (PSD). The shortage of 3He and handling issues with liquid scintillators stimulated a search for efficient solid-state PSD materials. Recent studies conducted at LLNL led to development of new materials, among which are organic crystals with excellent PSD and first PSD plastics for fast neutron detection. More advantages are introduced by plastics doped with neutron capture agents, such as 10B and 6Li, that can be used without moderation for combined detection of both thermal and fast neutrons, offering, in addition, a unique “triple” PSD for signal separation between fast neutrons, thermal neutrons, and gamma-rays. More recent studies have been focused on development of deuterated scintillators that can be used for neutron spectroscopy without time-of-flight (ToF). Among commercially produced materials are large-scale (>10 cm) stilbene crystals grown by the inexpensive solution technique, and different types of PSD plastics that, due to the deployment advantages and ease of fabrication, create a basis for the widespread use of solid-state scintillators as large-volume and low-cost neutron detectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. Zaitseva
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - A. Glenn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - A. Mabe
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - L. Carman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - S. Payne
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Smirnov AN, Odintsova OV, Starova GL, Solovyeva EV. X-ray and vibrational analysis of amino and chloro bibenzyl 4,4′-derivatives supported by quantum chemical calculations. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
6
|
Schlossberg DJ, Moore AS, Beeman BV, Eckart MJ, Grim GP, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Rubery MS, Sayre DB, Waltz C. Ab initio response functions for Cherenkov-based neutron detectors. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10I136. [PMID: 30399741 DOI: 10.1063/1.5039399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Neutron time-of-flight diagnostics at the NIF were recently outfitted with Cherenkov detectors. A fused silica radiator delivers sub-nanosecond response time and is optically coupled to a microchannel plate photomultiplier tube with gain from ∼1 to 104. Capitalizing on fast time response and gamma-ray sensitivity, these systems can provide better than 30 ps precision for measuring first moments of neutron distributions. Generation of ab initio instrument response functions (IRFs) is critical to meet the <1% uncertainty needed. A combination of Monte Carlo modeling, benchtop characterization, and in situ comparison is employed. Close agreement is shown between the modeled IRFs and in situ measurements using the NIF's short-pulse advanced radiographic capability beams. First and second moments of neutron spectra calculated using ab initio IRFs agree well with established scintillator measurements. Next-step designs offer increased sensitivity and time-response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Schlossberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A S Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B V Beeman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J Eckart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G P Grim
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E P Hartouni
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Hatarik
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M S Rubery
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - D B Sayre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Waltz
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Styron JD, Ruiz CL, Hahn KD, Cooper GW, Chandler GA, Jones B, McWatters BR, Forrest CJ, Vaughan J, Torres J, Pelka S, Smith J, Weaver C. Average neutron time-of-flight instrument response function inferred from single D-T neutron events within a plastic scintillator. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10I119. [PMID: 30399763 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The apparent ion temperature and neutron-reaction history are important characteristics of a fusion plasma. Extracting these quantities from a measured neutron-time-of-flight signal requires accurate knowledge of the instrument response function (IRF). This work describes a novel method for obtaining the IRF directly for single DT neutron interactions by utilizing n-alpha coincidence. The t(d,α)n nuclear reaction was produced at Sandia National Laboratories' Ion Beam Laboratory using a 300 keV Cockcroft-Walton generator to accelerate a 2.5 μA beam of 175 keV D+ ions into a stationary ErT2 target. The average neutron IRF was calculated by taking a time-corrected average of individual neutron events within an EJ-228 plastic scintillator. The scintillator was coupled to two independent photo-multiplier tubes operated in the current mode: a Hamamatsu 5946 mod-5 and a Photek PMT240. The experimental setup and results will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Styron
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - C L Ruiz
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - K D Hahn
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - G W Cooper
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - G A Chandler
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - B Jones
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - B R McWatters
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C J Forrest
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - J Vaughan
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - J Torres
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - S Pelka
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - J Smith
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C Weaver
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kilkenny JD, Bell PM, Bradley DK, Bleuel DL, Caggiano JA, Dewald EL, Hsing WW, Kalantar DH, Kauffman RL, Larson DJ, Moody JD, Schneider DH, Schneider MB, Shaughnessy DA, Shelton RT, Stoeffl W, Widmann K, Yeamans CB, Batha SH, Grim GP, Herrmann HW, Merrill FE, Leeper RJ, Oertel JA, Sangster TC, Edgell DH, Hohenberger M, Glebov VY, Regan SP, Frenje JA, Gatu-Johnson M, Petrasso RD, Rinderknecht HG, Zylstra AB, Cooper GW, Ruizf C. The National Ignition Facility Diagnostic Set at the Completion of the National Ignition Campaign, September 2012. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst15-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - P. M. Bell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. K. Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. L. Bleuel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. A. Caggiano
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - E. L. Dewald
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - W. W. Hsing
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. H. Kalantar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - R. L. Kauffman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. J. Larson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. D. Moody
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. H. Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - M. B. Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | | | - R. T. Shelton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - W. Stoeffl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - K. Widmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - C. B. Yeamans
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - S. H. Batha
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - G. P. Grim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - H. W. Herrmann
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - F. E. Merrill
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - R. J. Leeper
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - J. A. Oertel
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - T. C. Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623
| | - D. H. Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623
| | - M. Hohenberger
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623
| | - V. Yu. Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623
| | - S. P. Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623
| | - J. A. Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - M. Gatu-Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - R. D. Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | | | - A. B. Zylstra
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - G. W. Cooper
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123
| | - C. Ruizf
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khater H, Sitaraman S, Hall J, Hatarik R, Caggiano J, Waltz C. Shielding Design for the South Pole nToF Diagnostic at the NIF. EPJ Web Conf 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201715303005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
10
|
Yeamans CB, Gharibyan N. A neutron activation spectrometer and neutronic experimental platform for the National Ignition Facility (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D702. [PMID: 27910563 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
At the National Ignition Facility, the diagnostic instrument manipulator-based neutron activation spectrometer is used as a diagnostic of implosion performance for inertial confinement fusion experiments. Additionally, it serves as a platform for independent neutronic experiments and may be connected to fast recording systems for neutron effect tests on active electronics. As an implosion diagnostic, the neutron activation spectrometers are used to quantify fluence of primary DT neutrons, downscattered neutrons, and neutrons above the primary DT neutron energy created by reactions of upscattered D and T in flight. At a primary neutron yield of 1015 and a downscattered fraction of neutrons in the 10-12 MeV energy range of 0.04, the downscattered neutron fraction can be measured to a relative uncertainty of 8%. Significant asymmetries in downscattered neutrons have been observed. Spectrometers have been designed and fielded to measure the tritium-tritium and deuterium-tritium neutron outputs simultaneously in experiments using DT/TT fusion ratio as a direct measure of mix of ablator into the gas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C B Yeamans
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Gharibyan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Datte PS, Eckart M, Moore AS, Thompson W, Vergel de Dios G. Impulse responses of visible phototubes used in National Ignition Facility neutron time of flight diagnostics. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D837. [PMID: 27910365 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Neutron-induced visible scintillation in neutron time of flight (NToF) diagnostics at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) is measured with 40 mm single stage micro-channel plate photomultipliers and a 40 mm vacuum photodiode, outside the neutron line of sight. In NIF experiments with 14 MeV neutron yields above Y > 10 × 1015 these tubes are configured to deliver of order 1 nC of charge in the nominally 5 ns NToF into a 50 Ω load. We have examined a number of 40 mm tubes manufactured by Photek Ltd. of St. Leonards on Sea, UK, to determine possible changes in the instrument impulse response as a function of signal charge delivered in 1 ns. Precision NToF measurements at approximately 20 m require that we characterize changes in the impulse response moments to <40 ps for the first central moment and ∼2% rms for the square root of the second central moment with ∼500 ps value. Detailed results are presented for three different diode configurations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P S Datte
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Eckart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A S Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - W Thompson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G Vergel de Dios
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kilkenny JD, Caggiano JA, Hatarik R, Knauer JP, Sayre DB, Spears BK, Weber SV, Yeamans CB, Cerjan CJ, Divol L, Eckart MJ, Glebov VY, Herrmann HW, Pape SL, Munro DH, Grim GP, Jones OS, Berzak-Hopkins L, Gatu-Johnson M, Mackinnon AJ, Meezan NB, Casey DT, Frenje JA, Mcnaney JM, Petrasso R, Rinderknecht H, Stoeffl W, Zylstra AB. Understanding the stagnation and burn of implosions on NIF. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/688/1/012048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|