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Tardocchi M, Rebai M, Rigamonti D, Tinguely RA, Caruggi F, Croci G, Dal Molin A, Ghani Z, Giacomelli L, Girolami M, Grosso G, Kushoro M, Marcer G, Mastellone M, Muraro A, Nocente M, Perelli Cippo E, Petruzzo M, Putignano O, Scionti J, Serpente V, Trucchi DM, Mackie S, Saltos AA, De Marchi E, Parisi M, Trotta A, de la Luna E, Garcia J, Kazakov Y, Maslov M, Stancar Z, Gorini G. A high-resolution neutron spectroscopic camera for the SPARC tokamak based on the Jet European Torus deuterium-tritium experience. Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:113512. [PMID: 36461481 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dedicated nuclear diagnostics have been designed, developed, and built within EUROFUSION enhancement programs in the last ten years for installation at the Joint European Torus and capable of operation in high power Deuterium-Tritium (DT) plasmas. The recent DT Experiment campaign, called DTE2, has been successfully carried out in the second half of 2021 and provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the performance of the new nuclear diagnostics and for an understanding of their behavior in the record high 14 MeV neutron yields (up to 4.7 × 1018 n/s) and total number of neutrons (up to 2 × 1019 n) achieved on a tokamak. In this work, we will focus on the 14 MeV high resolution neutron spectrometers based on artificial diamonds which, for the first time, have extensively been used to measure 14 MeV DT neutron spectra with unprecedented energy resolution (Full Width at Half Maximum of ≈1% at 14 MeV). The work will describe their long-term stability and operation over the DTE2 campaign as well as their performance as neutron spectrometers in terms of achieved energy resolution and high rate capability. This important experience will be used to outline the concept of a spectroscopic neutron camera for the SPARC tokamak. The proposed neutron camera will be the first one to feature the dual capability to measure (i) the 2.5 and 14 MeV neutron emissivity profile via the conventional neutron detectors based on liquid or plastics scintillators and (ii) the 14 MeV neutron spectral emission via the use of high-resolution diamond-based spectrometers. The new opportunities opened by the spectroscopic neutron camera to measure plasma parameters will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tardocchi
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - M Rebai
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - D Rigamonti
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - R A Tinguely
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F Caruggi
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - G Croci
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - A Dal Molin
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - Z Ghani
- Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - L Giacomelli
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - M Girolami
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, Montelibretti, Roma, Italy
| | - G Grosso
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - M Kushoro
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - G Marcer
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - M Mastellone
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, Montelibretti, Roma, Italy
| | - A Muraro
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - M Nocente
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - E Perelli Cippo
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - M Petruzzo
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - O Putignano
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - J Scionti
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - V Serpente
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, Montelibretti, Roma, Italy
| | - D M Trucchi
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, Montelibretti, Roma, Italy
| | - S Mackie
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A A Saltos
- Commonwealth Fusion Systems, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - E De Marchi
- Magnetic Fusion Energy DE - R&D/MAFE, ENI, Venezia, Italy
| | - M Parisi
- Magnetic Fusion Energy DE - R&D/MAFE, ENI, Venezia, Italy
| | - A Trotta
- Magnetic Fusion Energy DE - R&D/MAFE, ENI, Venezia, Italy
| | - E de la Luna
- Laboratorio Nacional de Fusion CIEMAT, Madrid, Spin
| | - J Garcia
- CEA, IRFM, Saint Paul lez Durance, France
| | - Y Kazakov
- Laboratory for Plasma Physics, LPP ERM/KMS, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Maslov
- Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Z Stancar
- Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - G Gorini
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milano, Italy
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Liu J, Jiang H, Cui Z, Hu Y, Bai H, Fan T, Chen J, Gao Y, Yang X, Zhang G. Simultaneous measurement of energy spectrum and fluence of neutrons using a diamond detector. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12022. [PMID: 35835805 PMCID: PMC9283545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the excellent radiation hardness and high–temperature endurance, diamond detectors are suitable for intense neutron measurements and promising for neutron diagnostics of scientific fusion devices. In the present work, simultaneous measurement of energy spectrum and fluence of neutrons using a diamond detector was realized for the first time. The absolute response matrix of the diamond detector was simulated based on detailed analysis of the nuclear reactions and the proper selection of nuclear reaction data. Neutron energy spectra as well as neutron fluences for 5.0, 5.5, 8.5, 9.5 and 10.5 MeV neutrons from d–d reaction were measured using the diamond detector based on the absolute response matrix. The measured neutron energy spectra and neutron fluences are reasonable compared with those detected using a EJ-309 liquid scintillator and a 238U fission chamber, respectively, which verifies the reliability of the present work. Furthermore, the energy spectrum and fluence of a 14.2 MeV d–t neutron source were also measured using the diamond detector. The present work demonstrates the ability of simultaneous measurement of energy spectrum and fluence as well as for both d–d and d–t neutrons using a diamond detector, which is of great significance for neutron diagnostics of scientific fusion devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haoyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zengqi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yiwei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haofan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Tieshuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jinxiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiangjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Lee Y, Kwak JG, Nam YU, Yoon SW, Kim HS, Park G. Diamond fast-neutron detector applied to the KSTAR tokamak. Fusion Engineering and Design 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.111452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Giacomelli L, Belli F, Binda F, Conroy SW, Eriksson J, Milocco A, Popovicev S, Syme DB. Neutron emission spectroscopy of D plasmas at JET with a compact liquid scintillating neutron spectrometer. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10I113. [PMID: 30399806 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Neutron emission spectroscopy is a diagnostic technique that allows for energy measurements of neutrons born in nuclear reactions. The JET tokamak fusion experiment (Culham, UK) has a special role in this respect as advanced spectrometers for 2.5 MeV and 14 MeV neutrons have been developed here for the first time for measurements of the neutron emission spectrum from D and DT plasmas with unprecedented accuracy. Twin liquid scintillating neutron spectrometers were built and calibrated at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) (Braunschweig, Germany) and installed on JET in the recent years with tangential-equatorial (KM12) and vertical-radial (KM13) view lines, with the latter only recently operational. This article reports on the performance of KM12 and on the development of the data analysis methods in order to extract physics information upon D ions kinematics in JET auxiliary-heated D plasmas from 2.5 MeV neutron measurements. The comparison of these results with the correspondents from other JET neutron spectrometers is also presented: their agreement allows for JET unique capability of multi-lines of sight neutron spectroscopy and for benchmarking other 14 MeV neutron spectrometers installed on the same lines of sight in preparation for the DT experimental campaign at JET.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Giacomelli
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - F Belli
- Dipartimento FSN, ENEA CR Frascati, Roma, Italy
| | - F Binda
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S W Conroy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Eriksson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Milocco
- Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Occhialini," Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - S Popovicev
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, United Kingdom
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Jacobsen AS, Binda F, Cazzaniga C, Eriksson J, Hjalmarsson A, Nocente M, Salewski M, Tardini G. Velocity-space sensitivities of neutron emission spectrometers at the tokamaks JET and ASDEX Upgrade in deuterium plasmas. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:073506. [PMID: 28764505 DOI: 10.1063/1.4991651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Future fusion reactors are foreseen to be heated by the energetic alpha particles produced in fusion reactions. For this to happen, it is important that the energetic ions are sufficiently confined. In present day fusion experiments, energetic ions are primarily produced using external heating systems such as neutral beam injection and ion cyclotron resonance heating. In order to diagnose these fast ions, several different fast-ion diagnostics have been developed and implemented in the various experiments around the world. The velocity-space sensitivities of fast-ion diagnostics are given by so-called weight functions. Here instrument-specific weight functions are derived for neutron emission spectrometry detectors at the tokamaks JET and ASDEX Upgrade for the 2.45 MeV neutrons produced in deuterium-deuterium reactions in deuterium plasmas. Using these, it is possible to directly determine which part of velocity space each detector observes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Jacobsen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Garching, Germany
| | - F Binda
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Cazzaniga
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - J Eriksson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Hjalmarsson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Nocente
- Dipartimento di Fisca "G. Occhialini," Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - M Salewski
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - G Tardini
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Garching, Germany
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Giacomelli L, Nocente M, Rebai M, Rigamonti D, Milocco A, Tardocchi M, Chen ZJ, Du TF, Fan TS, Hu ZM, Peng XY, Hjalmarsson A, Gorini G. Neutron emission spectroscopy of DT plasmas at enhanced energy resolution with diamond detectors. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D822. [PMID: 27910679 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work presents measurements done at the Peking University Van de Graaff neutron source of the response of single crystal synthetic diamond (SD) detectors to quasi-monoenergetic neutrons of 14-20 MeV. The results show an energy resolution of 1% for incoming 20 MeV neutrons, which, together with 1% detection efficiency, opens up to new prospects for fast ion physics studies in high performance nuclear fusion devices such as SD neutron spectrometry of deuterium-tritium plasmas heated by neutral beam injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Giacomelli
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - M Nocente
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - M Rebai
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - D Rigamonti
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - A Milocco
- Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Occhialini," Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - M Tardocchi
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - Z J Chen
- School of Physics, State Key Lab of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - T F Du
- School of Physics, State Key Lab of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - T S Fan
- School of Physics, State Key Lab of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Z M Hu
- School of Physics, State Key Lab of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - X Y Peng
- School of Physics, State Key Lab of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - A Hjalmarsson
- Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G Gorini
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
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Muraro A, Giacomelli L, Nocente M, Rebai M, Rigamonti D, Belli F, Calvani P, Figueiredo J, Girolami M, Gorini G, Grosso G, Murari A, Popovichev S, Trucchi DM, Tardocchi M. First neutron spectroscopy measurements with a pixelated diamond detector at JET. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D833. [PMID: 27910565 DOI: 10.1063/1.4961557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A prototype Single crystal Diamond Detector (SDD) was installed at the Joint European Torus (JET) in 2013 along an oblique line of sight and demonstrated the possibility to carry out neutron spectroscopy measurements with good energy resolution and detector stability in discharges heated by neutral beam injection and radio-frequency waves. Starting from these positive results, within the Vertical Neutron Spectrometer project of the Joint European Torus, we have developed a pixelated instrument consisting of a matrix of 12 independent SDDs, called the Diamond Vertical Neutron Spectrometer (DVNS), which boosts the detection efficiency of a single SDD by an order of magnitude. In this paper we describe the main features of the DVNS, including the detector design, energy resolution, and data acquisition system for on-line processing. Preliminary spectroscopy measurements of 2.5 MeV neutrons from the present deuterium plasma at JET are finally presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Muraro
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - L Giacomelli
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - M Nocente
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - M Rebai
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - D Rigamonti
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - F Belli
- Centro Ricerca ENEA-Frascati, Via E.Fermi 45, Frascati, Rome, Italy
| | - P Calvani
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - J Figueiredo
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Girolami
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - G Gorini
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - G Grosso
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - A Murari
- Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Culham, United Kingdom
| | - S Popovichev
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - D M Trucchi
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - M Tardocchi
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
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