1
|
Lee L, Ramos-Alvarez I, Jensen RT. Predictive Factors for Resistant Disease with Medical/Radiologic/Liver-Directed Anti-Tumor Treatments in Patients with Advanced Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Recent Advances and Controversies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051250. [PMID: 35267558 PMCID: PMC8909561 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumor resistance, both primary and acquired, is leading to increased complexity in the nonsurgical treatment of patients with advanced panNENs, which would be greatly helped by reliable prognostic/predictive factors. The importance in identifying resistance is being contributed to by the increased array of possible treatments available for treating resistant advanced disease; the variable clinical course as well as response to any given treatment approach of patients within one staging or grading system, the advances in imaging which are providing increasing promising results/parameters that correlate with grading/outcome/resistance, the increased understanding of the molecular pathogenesis providing promising prognostic markers, all of which can contribute to selecting the best treatment to overcome resistance disease. Several factors have been identified that have prognostic/predictive value for identifying development resistant disease and affecting overall survival (OS)/PFS with various nonsurgical treatments of patients with advanced panNENs. Prognostic factors identified for patients with advanced panNENs for both OS/PFSs include various clinically-related factors (clinical, laboratory/biological markers, imaging, treatment-related factors), pathological factors (histological, classification, grading) and molecular factors. Particularly important prognostic factors for the different treatment modalities studies are the recent grading systems. Most prognostic factors for each treatment modality for OS/PFS are not specific for a given treatment option. These advances have generated several controversies and new unanswered questions, particularly those related to their possible role in predicting the possible sequence of different anti-tumor treatments in patients with different presentations. Each of these areas is reviewed in this paper. Abstract Purpose: Recent advances in the diagnosis, management and nonsurgical treatment of patients with advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (panNENs) have led to an emerging need for sensitive and useful prognostic factors for predicting responses/survival. Areas covered: The predictive value of a number of reported prognostic factors including clinically-related factors (clinical/laboratory/imaging/treatment-related factors), pathological factors (histological/classification/grading), and molecular factors, on therapeutic outcomes of anti-tumor medical therapies with molecular targeting agents (everolimus/sunitinib/somatostatin analogues), chemotherapy, radiological therapy with peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, or liver-directed therapies (embolization/chemoembolization/radio-embolization (SIRTs)) are reviewed. Recent findings in each of these areas, as well as remaining controversies and uncertainties, are discussed in detail, particularly from the viewpoint of treatment sequencing. Conclusions: The recent increase in the number of available therapeutic agents for the nonsurgical treatment of patients with advanced panNENs have raised the importance of prognostic factors predictive for therapeutic outcomes of each treatment option. The establishment of sensitive and useful prognostic markers will have a significant impact on optimal treatment selection, as well as in tailoring the therapeutic sequence, and for maximizing the survival benefit of each individual patient. In the paper, the progress in this area, as well as the controversies/uncertainties, are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingaku Lee
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA; (L.L.); (I.R.-A.)
- National Kyushu Cancer Center, Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatology, Fukuoka 811-1395, Japan
| | - Irene Ramos-Alvarez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA; (L.L.); (I.R.-A.)
| | - Robert T. Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA; (L.L.); (I.R.-A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-496-4201
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kalyoncu S, Yilmaz B, Demir M, Tuncer M, Bozdag Z, Ince O, Akif Bozdayi M, Ulusal H, Taysi S. Octreotide and lanreotide decrease ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by improving oxidative and nitrosative stress. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2020; 46:2050-2058. [PMID: 32748523 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the protective effect of octreotide and lanreotide on ovarian damage in experimental ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS Fifty-six rats were separated into seven groups; group 1: sham group, group 2: surgical control group with 3-h torsion and detorsion, group 3: 0.02 mg/kg s.c. octreotide 30 min before 3-h torsion, group 4; octreotide just after detorsion for 7 days, group 5: octreotide 30 min before torsion and just after detorsion for 7 days, group 6: single time 20 mg/kg s.c. lanreotide before torsion, group 7: single time lanreotide just after detorsion. RESULTS All histopathological scores except congestion were significantly lower in group 1 than other groups. In addition, hemorrhage (group 2 vs 4: P < 0.05), degeneration (group 2 vs 4: P < 0.05, group 2 vs 5: P < 0.01 and group 2 vs 6: P < 0.05) and total damage score (group 2 vs 4: P < 0.05, group 2 vs 5: P < 0.05, group 2 vs 6: P < 0.05 and group 2 vs 7: P < 0.05) were significantly lower than other groups. Moreover, ovarian tissue total oxidant status and oxidative stress index levels were significantly decreased in groups 5 (both P < 0.05) and 7 (both P < 0.05) when compared to group 2. Furthermore, tissue levels of peroxynitrite were significantly higher in group 2 than groups 1, 3 and 5 (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Octreotide and lanreotide have a protective role against ischemia-reperfusion damage in rat torsion detorsion model by improving histopathological and biochemical findings including tissue levels of total oxidant status, oxidative stress index and peroxynitrite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Senol Kalyoncu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, TOBB ETU University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent Yilmaz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Demir
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, ANKA Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Meltem Tuncer
- Department of Physiology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zehra Bozdag
- Department of Pathology, Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Onur Ince
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Faculty of Medicine, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Akif Bozdayi
- Department of Biochemistry, Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Hasan Ulusal
- Department of Biochemistry, Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Seyithan Taysi
- Department of Biochemistry, Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ahmad J, Ikram S, Ahmad F, Rehman IU, Mushtaq M. SARS-CoV-2 RNA Dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) - A drug repurposing study. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04502. [PMID: 32754651 PMCID: PMC7377705 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019 in China subsequently lead to a pandemic. Lack of vaccine and specific anti-viral drugs started a global health disaster. For a sustained control and protection, development of potential anti-viral drugs is one of the targeted approach. Although, designing and developing a panel of new drugs molecules are always encouraged. However, in the current emergency, drug repurposing study is one of the most effective and fast track option. The crystal structure of a SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp) has recently been deciphered through X-ray crystallography. The single-chain of core RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase relies on virus-encoded cofactors nsp7 and two units of nsp8 for its optimum function. This study explored the FDA approved database of 7922 molecules and screened against the core polymerase along with cofactors. Here we report a panel of FDA approved drugs that show substantial interactions with key amino acid residues of the active site. Interestingly, some of the identified drugs (Ornipressin, Lypressin, Examorelin, Polymyxin B1) bind strongly within the binding pockets of both forms of RdRp. Besides, we found strong candidates for the complex form as well which include Nacortocin, Cistinexine, Cisatracurium (among others). These drugs have the potential to be considered while contriving therapeutic options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamshaid Ahmad
- Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan
| | - Saima Ikram
- Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan
| | - Fawad Ahmad
- Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan
| | - Irshad Ur Rehman
- Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li L, Chen Q, Xu HH, Zhang XH, Zhang XG. DBU-Promoted Demethoxylative Thioannulation of Alkynyl Oxime Ethers with Sulfur for the Synthesis of Bisisothiazole-4-yl Disulfides. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10083-10090. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qian Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hong-Hui Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xing-Guo Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Calcium Carbonate Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Hezhou University, Hezhou 542899, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ampofo E, Nalbach L, Menger MD, Laschke MW. Regulatory Mechanisms of Somatostatin Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114170. [PMID: 32545257 PMCID: PMC7312888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin is a peptide hormone, which most commonly is produced by endocrine cells and the central nervous system. In mammals, somatostatin originates from pre-prosomatostatin and is processed to a shorter form, i.e., somatostatin-14, and a longer form, i.e., somatostatin-28. The two peptides repress growth hormone secretion and are involved in the regulation of glucagon and insulin synthesis in the pancreas. In recent years, the processing and secretion of somatostatin have been studied intensively. However, little attention has been paid to the regulatory mechanisms that control its expression. This review provides an up-to-date overview of these mechanisms. In particular, it focuses on the role of enhancers and silencers within the promoter region as well as on the binding of modulatory transcription factors to these elements. Moreover, it addresses extracellular factors, which trigger key signaling pathways, leading to an enhanced somatostatin expression in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ampofo
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6841-162-6561; Fax: +49-6841-162-6553
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang R, Zheng-Pywell R, Chen HA, Bibb JA, Chen H, Rose JB. Management of Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes 2019; 12:1179551419884058. [PMID: 31695546 PMCID: PMC6820165 DOI: 10.1177/1179551419884058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are derived from neuroendocrine cell system and can have benign or malignant characteristics. They are rare tumors, but have been increasing in incidence over the past 40 years. Patients with NENs may develop symptoms due to primary tumor invasion, metastasis, or from secretion of hormonally active tumor substances. Multiple imaging modalities are used for diagnosis and staging, including specialty scans such as 111In pentetreotide (Octreoscan) and 68Gallium-DOTATATE, along with endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound, and biochemical marker testing. Treatment involves both surgical approach, for both primary and metastatic lesions, as well as medical management for symptom management and disease progression. This article will review the current clinical knowledge regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of these fascinating neoplasms and the associated hormonal syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhi Wang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rui Zheng-Pywell
- Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - H Alexander Chen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James A Bibb
- Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Herbert Chen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J Bart Rose
- Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gatto F, Barbieri F, Arvigo M, Thellung S, Amarù J, Albertelli M, Ferone D, Florio T. Biological and Biochemical Basis of the Differential Efficacy of First and Second Generation Somatostatin Receptor Ligands in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3940. [PMID: 31412614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous somatostatin shows anti-secretory effects in both physiological and pathological settings, as well as inhibitory activity on cell growth. Since somatostatin is not suitable for clinical practice, researchers developed synthetic somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs) to overcome this limitation. Currently, SRLs represent pivotal tools in the treatment algorithm of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Octreotide and lanreotide are the first-generation SRLs developed and show a preferential binding affinity to somatostatin receptor (SST) subtype 2, while pasireotide, which is a second-generation SRL, has high affinity for multiple SSTs (SST5 > SST2 > SST3 > SST1). A number of studies demonstrated that first-generation and second-generation SRLs show distinct functional properties, besides the mere receptor affinity. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to critically review the current evidence on the biological effects of SRLs in pituitary adenomas and neuroendocrine tumors, by mainly focusing on the differences between first-generation and second-generation ligands.
Collapse
|