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Akeel S, Almazrooa S, Jazzar A, Mohammed Sindi A, Farsi NJ, Binmadi N, Badkok R, Aljohani M, AlFarabi S. Detection of Specific Immunoglobulins in the Saliva of Patients With Mild COVID-19. Cureus 2024; 16:e52113. [PMID: 38213933 PMCID: PMC10783611 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Saliva has many advantages over blood as a biofluid, so using it for measuring and monitoring antibody responses in COVID-19 would be highly valuable. To assess the value of saliva-based IgG and IgM/IgA antibody testing in COVID-19, this cross-sectional pilot study evaluated the accuracy of salivary and serum IgG and IgM/IgA for detecting mild COVID-19 and their correlation. Fifty-one patients with mild COVID-19 (14-28 days post-symptom onset) were included in the study. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to measure IgG and IgM/IgA responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in both serum and saliva samples using a slightly modified protocol for saliva samples. Saliva-based IgG testing had 30% sensitivity and 100% specificity, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 100% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 50%. Saliva-based IgM/IgA testing had 13.2% sensitivity and 100% specificity, with a PPV of 100% and an NPV of 28.3%. Blood and saliva IgG values were positively correlated. Saliva currently has limited diagnostic value for COVID-19 testing, at least for mild disease. Nevertheless, the significant positive correlation between blood and saliva IgG titers indicates that saliva might be a complementary biofluid for assessing systemic antibody responses to the virus, especially if the assay is further optimized across the full disease spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Akeel
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Soulafa Almazrooa
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Ahoud Jazzar
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Amal Mohammed Sindi
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Nada J Farsi
- Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Nada Binmadi
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Reem Badkok
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Modi Aljohani
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Sarah AlFarabi
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
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Zhang C, Parichenko A, Choi W, Shin S, Panes-Ruiz LA, Belyaev D, Custódio TF, Löw C, Lee JS, Ibarlucea B, Cuniberti G. Sybodies as Novel Bioreceptors toward Field-Effect Transistor-Based Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antigens. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:40191-40200. [PMID: 37603713 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has increased the demand for low-cost, portable, and rapid biosensors, driving huge research efforts toward new nanomaterial-based approaches with high sensitivity. Many of them employ antibodies as bioreceptors, which have a costly development process that requires animal facilities. Recently, sybodies emerged as a new alternative class of synthetic binders and receptors with high antigen binding efficiency, improved chemical stability, and lower production costs via animal-free methods. Their smaller size is an important asset to consider in combination with ultrasensitive field-effect transistors (FETs) as transducers, which respond more intensely when biorecognition occurs near their surface. This work demonstrates the immobilization of sybodies against the spike protein of the virus on silicon surfaces, which are often integral parts of the semiconducting channel of FETs. Immobilized sybodies maintain the capability to capture antigens, even at low concentrations in the femtomolar range, as observed by fluorescence microscopy. Finally, the first proof of concept of sybody-modified FET sensing is provided using a nanoscopic silicon net as the sensitive area where the sybodies are immobilized. The future development of further sybodies against other biomarkers and their generalization in biosensors could be critical to decrease the cost of biodetection platforms in future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Alexandra Parichenko
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Wonyeong Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Seonghwan Shin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Luis Antonio Panes-Ruiz
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Dmitry Belyaev
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Keramische Technologien und Systeme IKTS, Dresden 01109, Germany
| | - Tânia Filipa Custódio
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Christian Löw
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Jeong-Soo Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Bergoi Ibarlucea
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden 01069, Germany
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Barrera-Avalos C, Mena J, Luraschi R, Rojas P, Mateluna-Flores C, Vallejos-Vidal E, Imarai M, Sandino AM, Valdés D, Vera R, Hernández I, Reyes-López FE, Acuña-Castillo C. Sensitivity analysis of rapid antigen tests for the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant detection from nasopharyngeal swab samples collected in Santiago of Chile. Front Public Health 2022; 10:976875. [PMID: 36339133 PMCID: PMC9631301 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.976875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a concern and keeps global health authorities on alert. The RT-PCR technique has been the gold-standard assay for detecting the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, rapid antigen tests (RATs) have been widely used to increase the number of tests faster and more efficiently in the population. Nevertheless, the appearance of new viral variants, with genomic mutations associated with greater contagiousness and immune evasion, highlights the need to evaluate the sensitivity of these RATs. This report evaluates the sensitivity of SD Biosensor-Roche, Panbio™, and Clinitest® RATs widely used in Santiago de Chile in the detection of the Omicron variant from Nasopharyngeal samples (NPSs), the most predominant SARS-CoV-2 variant in Chile and the world. SD Biosensor-Roche shows a detection sensitivity of 95.7% in the viral amplification range of 20 ≤ Cq < 25, while Panbio™ and Clinitest® show 100% and 91.3%, respectively. In the viral amplification ranges of 25 ≤ Cq < 30, the detection sensitivity decreased to 28% for SD Biosensor-Roche, 32% for Panbio™, and 72% for Clinitest®. This study indicates that the tested RATs have high sensitivity in detecting the Omicron variant of concern (VOC) at high viral loads. By contrast, its sensitivity decreases at low viral loads. Therefore, it is suggested to limit the use of RATs as an active search method, considering that infections in patients are increasingly associated with lower viral loads of SARS-CoV-2. These antecedents could prevent contagion outbreaks and reduce the underestimation of the current Omicron variant circulation at the local level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Barrera-Avalos
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Mena
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Luraschi
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Rojas
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Mateluna-Flores
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile,Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Sandino
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile,Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Valdés
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile,Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Vera
- Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública (HUAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Hernández
- Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública (HUAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe E. Reyes-López
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile,*Correspondence: Felipe E. Reyes-López
| | - Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile,Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile,Claudio Acuña-Castillo
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Castrejón-Jiménez NS, García-Pérez BE, Reyes-Rodríguez NE, Vega-Sánchez V, Martínez-Juárez VM, Hernández-González JC. Challenges in the Detection of SARS-CoV-2: Evolution of the Lateral Flow Immunoassay as a Valuable Tool for Viral Diagnosis. Biosensors 2022; 12:bios12090728. [PMID: 36140114 PMCID: PMC9496238 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is an emerging infectious disease of zoonotic origin that caused the coronavirus disease in late 2019 and triggered a pandemic that has severely affected human health and caused millions of deaths. Early and massive diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients is the key to preventing the spread of the virus and controlling the outbreak. Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA) are the simplest biosensors. These devices are clinical diagnostic tools that can detect various analytes, including viruses and antibodies, with high sensitivity and specificity. This review summarizes the advantages, limitations, and evolution of LFIA during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the challenges of improving these diagnostic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayeli Shantal Castrejón-Jiménez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km 1 Exhacienda de Aquetzalpa A.P. 32, Tulancingo 43600, Mexico
| | - Blanca Estela García-Pérez
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, México City 11340, Mexico
| | - Nydia Edith Reyes-Rodríguez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km 1 Exhacienda de Aquetzalpa A.P. 32, Tulancingo 43600, Mexico
| | - Vicente Vega-Sánchez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km 1 Exhacienda de Aquetzalpa A.P. 32, Tulancingo 43600, Mexico
| | - Víctor Manuel Martínez-Juárez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km 1 Exhacienda de Aquetzalpa A.P. 32, Tulancingo 43600, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Hernández-González
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km 1 Exhacienda de Aquetzalpa A.P. 32, Tulancingo 43600, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-775-756-0308
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