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Hammer SM, Sears KN, Montgomery TR, Olmos AA, Hill EC, Trevino MA, Dinyer-McNeely TK. Sex differences in muscle contraction-induced limb blood flow limitations. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1121-1129. [PMID: 37889287 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determined sex differences in absolute- and %-reductions in blood flow during intermittent muscular contractions as well as relationships between blood flow reductions and time to task failure (TTF). METHODS Thirteen males (25 ± 4 years) and 13 females (22 ± 5 years) completed intermittent isometric trapezoidal forearm flexion at 50% maximal voluntary contraction until task failure. Doppler ultrasound was used to measure brachial artery blood flow (BABF) during the 12-s plateau phase and 12-s relaxation phase. RESULTS Target torque was less in females than males (24 ± 5 vs. 42 ± 7 Nm; p < 0.001); however, TTF was not different between sexes (F: 425 ± 187 vs. M: 401 ± 158 s; p = 0.72). Relaxation-phase BABF at end-exercise was less in females than males (435 ± 161 vs. 937 ± 281 mL/min; p < 0.001) but contraction-phase BABF was not different (127 ± 46 vs. 190 ± 99 mL/min; p = 0.42). Absolute- and %-reductions in BABF by contraction were less in females than males (309 ± 146 vs. 747 ± 210 mL/min and 69 ± 10 vs. 80% ± 6%, respectively; both p < 0.01) and were associated with target torque independent of sex (r = 0.78 and 0.56, respectively; both p < 0.01). Absolute BABF reduction per target torque (mL/min/Nm) and TTF were positively associated in males (r = 0.60; p = 0.031) but negatively associated in females (r = - 0.61; p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that females incur less proportional reduction in limb blood flow from muscular contraction than males at a matched relative intensity suggesting females may maintain higher levels of muscle oxygen delivery and metabolite removal than males across the contraction-relaxation cycle of intermittent exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M Hammer
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | - Kylie N Sears
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Tony R Montgomery
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Alex A Olmos
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Ethan C Hill
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Michael A Trevino
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Taylor K Dinyer-McNeely
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Traylor MK, Batman GB, Sears KN, Ransom KV, Hammer SM, Keller JL. Sex-specific microvascular and hemodynamic responses to passive limb heating in young adults. Microcirculation 2024:e12848. [PMID: 38281244 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined sex-specific microvascular reactivity and hemodynamic responses under conditions of augmented resting blood flow induced by passive heating compared to normal blood flow. METHODS Thirty-eight adults (19 females) completed a vascular occlusion test (VOT) on two occasions preceded by rest with or without passive heating in a randomized, counterbalanced order. Skeletal muscle tissue oxygenation (StO2 , %) was assessed with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and the rate of desaturation and resaturation as well as maximal StO2 (StO2max ) and prolonged hypersaturation (area under the curve, StO2AUC ) were quantified. Before the VOT, brachial artery blood flow (BABF), vascular conductance, and relative BABF (BABF normalized to forearm lean mass) were determined. Sex × condition ANOVAs were used. A p-value ≤.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Twenty minutes of heating increased BABF compared to the control (102.9 ± 28.3 vs. 36.0 ± 20.9 mL min-1 ; p < .01). Males demonstrated greater BABF than females (91.9 ± 34.0 vs. 47.0 ± 19.1 mL min-1 ; p < .01). There was no sex difference in normalized BABF. There were no significant interactions for NIRS-VOT outcomes, but heat did increase the rate of desaturation (-0.140 ± 0.02 vs. -0.119 ± 0.03% s-1 ; p < .01), whereas regardless of condition, males exhibited greater rates of resaturation and StO2max than females. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that blood flow is not the primary factor causing sex differences in NIRS-VOT outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda K Traylor
- Integrative Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology (iLEAP), Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Genevieve B Batman
- Integrative Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology (iLEAP), Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Kylie N Sears
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kyndall V Ransom
- Integrative Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology (iLEAP), Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Chemistry Department, College of Arts and Science, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Shane M Hammer
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Joshua L Keller
- Integrative Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology (iLEAP), Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
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Gray SM, Cuomo AM, Proppe CE, Traylor MK, Hill EC, Keller JL. Effects of Sex and Cuff Pressure on Physiological Responses during Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise in Young Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:920-931. [PMID: 36729632 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological responses resulting from an acute blood flow restriction resistance exercise bout with two different cuff pressures in young, healthy men and women. METHODS Thirty adults (18-30 yr) completed a bilateral leg extension blood flow restriction bout consisting of four sets (30-15-15-15 repetitions), with cuffs applied at pressures corresponding to 40% and 60% of the minimum arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) needed to completely collapse the femoral arteries. During each of these conditions (40% and 60% AOP), physiological measures of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and EMG amplitude (EMG AMP) were collected from the dominant or nondominant vastus lateralis. After each set, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected, whereas only at baseline and at the end of the bout, mean arterial pressure (MAP) was assessed. Separate mixed-factorial ANOVA models were used to examine mean differences in the change in EMG AMP and NIRS parameters during each set. The absolute RPE and MAP values were also examined with separate ANOVAs. A P value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Regardless of sex or cuff pressure, the change in EMG AMP was lower in set 1 (14.8%) compared with the remaining sets (22.6%-27.0%). The 40% AOP condition elicited the greatest changes in oxy[heme] and deoxy[heme], while also providing lower RPEs. For MAP, there was an effect for time such that MAP increased from preexercise (87.5 ± 4.3 mm Hg) to postexercise (104.5 ± 4.1 mm Hg). CONCLUSIONS The major findings suggested that the 40% AOP condition permitted the greatest amount of recovery during the interset rest. In addition, there did not seem to be any meaningful sex-related difference in this sample of young healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie M Gray
- Integrated Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology (iLEAP), Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
| | | | - Christopher E Proppe
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
| | - Miranda K Traylor
- Integrated Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology (iLEAP), Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
| | | | - Joshua L Keller
- Integrated Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology (iLEAP), Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
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