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De Vito A, Colpani A, Trunfio M, Fiore V, Moi G, Fois M, Leoni N, Ruiu S, Babudieri S, Calcagno A, Madeddu G. Living with HIV and Getting Vaccinated: A Narrative Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050896. [PMID: 37243000 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
After 40 years of its appearance, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a leading public health challenge worldwide. Since the introduction of antiretroviral treatment (ART), HIV infection has become a chronic condition, and people living with HIV could have life expectancies close to those of the general population. People with HIV often have an increased risk of infection or experience more severe morbidity following exposure to vaccine-preventable diseases. Nowadays, several vaccines are available against bacteria and viruses. However, national and international vaccination guidelines for people with HIV are heterogeneous, and not every vaccine is included. For these reasons, we aimed to perform a narrative review about the vaccinations available for adults living with HIV, reporting the most updated studies performed for each vaccine among this population. We performed a comprehensive literature search through electronic databases (Pubmed-MEDLINE and Embase) and search engines (Google Scholar). We included English peer-reviewed publications (articles and reviews) on HIV and vaccination. Despite widespread use and guideline recommendations, few vaccine trials have been conducted in people with HIV. In addition, not all vaccines are recommended for people with HIV, especially for those with low CD4 cells count. Clinicians should carefully collect the history of vaccinations and patients' acceptance and preferences and regularly check the presence of antibodies for vaccine-preventable pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea De Vito
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Agnese Colpani
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Mattia Trunfio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10149 Torino, Italy
| | - Vito Fiore
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giulia Moi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Fois
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Nicola Leoni
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Ruiu
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Sergio Babudieri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Andrea Calcagno
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10149 Torino, Italy
| | - Giordano Madeddu
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Bonjoch A, de Cabo F, Puig J, Perez-Alvarez N, Echeverria P, Clotet B, Cuatrecasas G, Negredo E. Ultrasound-Based Assessment of Preperitoneal Fat as a Surrogate Marker of Cardiovascular Risk: Comparative Study Between People Living with HIV and Controls. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2022; 38:222-227. [PMID: 34969253 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2021.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal management of cardiovascular disease should start with the identification of subjects at subclinical stages. However, available tools are not always accurate or affordable. We assess the usefulness of ultrasound-guided measurement of abdominal fat layers as a surrogate marker of cardiovascular risk. We performed a cross-sectional, case-control, exploratory, pilot study in 10 people living with HIV (PLWH) and 10 HIV-uninfected subjects (control group) matched for age, sex, and body mass index. All participants were men 45-60 years of age, with no active disease or previous abdominal surgery; the PLWH group had been virologically suppressed for ≥2 years under stable antiretroviral therapy. The thickness of abdominal superficial and deep subcutaneous fat, preperitoneal fat, omental (periaortic) fat, and retroperitoneal (perirenal) fat was compared between both groups. Correlations between fat layers and traditional markers of cardiovascular risk were assessed. The thickness of most layers was always higher among PLWH. The differences were statistically significant for the preperitoneal fat layer (p = .04). The presence of atherosclerotic plaque was correlated with the preperitoneal fat layer in the PLWH group (odds ratio = 1.49, p = .02), and metabolic syndrome was correlated with superficial subcutaneous fat, although this was low (odds ratio = 0.54, p = .02). In the control group, several associations were found between carotid intima media thickness and abdominal fat layers. All abdominal fat layers were thicker in the PLWH group, especially preperitoneal fat, and several associations were found between specific fat layers and traditional cardiovascular risk markers. Our results suggest that the thickness of abdominal fat layers, assessed by ultrasound, could be a marker of cardiovascular risk. However, further studies with larger populations are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bonjoch
- Lluita Contra la SIDA Foundation, Infectious Diseases Service, HIV Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francisco de Cabo
- Instituts Guirado, Endocrinology Department, Barcelona, Spain
- Endocrinology Department, Clínica Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Puig
- Lluita Contra la SIDA Foundation, Infectious Diseases Service, HIV Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Núria Perez-Alvarez
- Lluita Contra la SIDA Foundation, Infectious Diseases Service, HIV Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Statistics and Operational Research Department, Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Patricia Echeverria
- Lluita Contra la SIDA Foundation, Infectious Diseases Service, HIV Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- Lluita Contra la SIDA Foundation, Infectious Diseases Service, HIV Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Catalonia, Spain
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa, Basic Investigation in HIV Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute-IGTP, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Guillem Cuatrecasas
- Endocrinology Department, Clínica Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Health Sciences, Medicine Department, Universitat Oberta Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eugènia Negredo
- Lluita Contra la SIDA Foundation, Infectious Diseases Service, HIV Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Catalonia, Spain
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