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Abstract
The development of new revolutionary technologies for directed gene editing has made it possible to thoroughly model and study NgAgo human diseases at the cellular and molecular levels. Gene editing tools like ZFN, TALEN, CRISPR-based systems, NgAgo and SGN can introduce different modifications. In gene sequences and regulate gene expression in different types of cells including induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These tools can be successfully used for Huntington's disease (HD) modeling, for example, to generate isogenic cell lines bearing different numbers of CAG repeats or to correct the mutation causing the disease. This review presents common genome editing technologies and summarizes the progress made in using them in HD and other hereditary diseases. Furthermore, we will discuss prospects and limitations of genome editing in understanding HD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyana B Malankhanova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia A Malakhova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey P Medvedev
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Suren M Zakian
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Osborn MJ, Belanto JJ, Tolar J, Voytas DF. Gene editing and its application for hematological diseases. Int J Hematol 2016; 104:18-28. [PMID: 27233509 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-2017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of precise, rationally designed gene-editing nucleases allows for targeted genome and transcriptome modification, and at present, four major classes of nucleases are being employed: zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), meganucleases (MNs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9. Each reagent shares the ability to recognize and bind a target sequence of DNA. Depending on the properties of the reagent, the DNA can be cleaved on one or both strands, or epigenetic changes can be mediated. These novel properties can impact hematological disease by allowing for: (1) direct modification of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), (2) gene alteration of hematopoietic lineage committed terminal effectors, (3) genome engineering in non-hematopoietic cells with reprogramming to a hematopoietic phenotype, and (4) transcriptome modulation for gene regulation, modeling, and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Osborn
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Jakub Tolar
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Weeks DP, Spalding MH, Yang B. Use of designer nucleases for targeted gene and genome editing in plants. Plant Biotechnol J 2016; 14:483-95. [PMID: 26261084 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ability to efficiently inactivate or replace genes in model organisms allowed a rapid expansion of our understanding of many of the genetic, biochemical, molecular and cellular mechanisms that support life. With the advent of new techniques for manipulating genes and genomes that are applicable not only to single-celled organisms, but also to more complex organisms such as animals and plants, the speed with which scientists and biotechnologists can expand fundamental knowledge and apply that knowledge to improvements in medicine, industry and agriculture is set to expand in an exponential fashion. At the heart of these advancements will be the use of gene editing tools such as zinc finger nucleases, modified meganucleases, hybrid DNA/RNA oligonucleotides, TAL effector nucleases and modified CRISPR/Cas9. Each of these tools has the ability to precisely target one specific DNA sequence within a genome and (except for DNA/RNA oligonucleotides) to create a double-stranded DNA break. DNA repair to such breaks sometimes leads to gene knockouts or gene replacement by homologous recombination if exogenously supplied homologous DNA fragments are made available. Genome rearrangements are also possible to engineer. Creation and use of such genome rearrangements, gene knockouts and gene replacements by the plant science community is gaining significant momentum. To document some of this progress and to explore the technology's longer term potential, this review highlights present and future uses of designer nucleases to greatly expedite research with model plant systems and to engineer genes and genomes in major and minor crop species for enhanced food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald P Weeks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Martin H Spalding
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Shahbazi Dastjerdeh M, Kouhpayeh S, Sabzehei F, Khanahmad H, Salehi M, Mohammadi Z, Shariati L, Hejazi Z, Rabiei P, Manian M. Zinc Finger Nuclease: A New Approach to Overcome Beta-Lactam Antibiotic Resistance. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e29384. [PMID: 27099691 PMCID: PMC4833962 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.29384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) has been accelerated recently by the indiscriminate application of antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance has challenged the success of medical interventions and therefore is considered a hazardous threat to human health. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to describe the use of zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) technology to target and disrupt a plasmid-encoded β-lactamase, which prevents horizontal gene transfer-mediated evolution of ARBs. MATERIALS AND METHODS An engineered ZFN was designed to target a specific sequence in the ampicillin resistance gene (amp(R)) of the pTZ57R plasmid. The Escherichia coli bacteria already contained the pZFN kanamycin-resistant (kana(R)) plasmid as the case or the pP15A, kana(R) empty vector as the control, were transformed with the pTZ57R; the ability of the designed ZFN to disrupt the β-lactamase gene was evaluated with the subsequent disturbed ability of the bacteria to grow on ampicillin (amp) and ampicillin-kanamycin (amp-kana)-containing media. The effect of mild hypothermia on the ZFN gene targeting efficiency was also evaluated. RESULTS The growth of bacteria in the case group on the amp and amp-kana-containing media was significantly lower compared with the control group at 37°C (P < 0.001). Despite being more efficient in hypothermic conditions at 30°C (P < 0.001), there were no significant associations between the incubation temperature and the ZFN gene targeting efficiency. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that the ZFN technology could be employed to overcome ampicillin resistance by the targeted disruption of the ampicillin resistance gene, which leads to inactivation of β-lactam synthesis. Therefore, ZFN technology could be engaged to decrease the antibiotic resistance issue with the construction of a ZFN archive against different ARGs. To tackle the resistance issue at the environmental level, recombinant phages expressing ZFNs against different ARGs could be constructed and released into both hospital and urban wastewater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Shahbazi Dastjerdeh
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Shirin Kouhpayeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Faezeh Sabzehei
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Hossein Khanahmad, Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran. Tel: +98-031337922487, Fax: +98-031-3668859, E-mail:
| | - Mansour Salehi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Zahra Mohammadi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Laleh Shariati
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Zahra Hejazi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Parisa Rabiei
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Mostafa Manian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
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Tolar J. Sickle cell and silent spleen. Blood 2015; 125:2589-90. [PMID: 25907900 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-03-633933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue of Blood, in a first-rate example of collaboration between academia (University of California) and industry (Sangamo), Hoban et al show in situ gene correction of sickle cell anemia (SCA), a prototypical hemoglobinopathy.
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7
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Abstract
Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) are proteins engineered to make site-specific double-strand breaks (DSBs) in a DNA sequence of interest. Imprecise repair of the ZFN-induced DSBs by the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway results in a spectrum of mutations, such as nucleotide substitutions, insertions, and deletions. Here we describe a method for targeted mutagenesis in Arabidopsis with ZFNs, which are engineered by context-dependent assembly (CoDA). This ZFN-induced mutagenesis method is an alternative to other currently available gene knockout or knockdown technologies and is useful for reverse genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Qi
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Osborn MJ, Starker CG, McElroy AN, Webber BR, Riddle MJ, Xia L, DeFeo AP, Gabriel R, Schmidt M, Von Kalle C, Carlson DF, Maeder ML, Joung JK, Wagner JE, Voytas DF, Blazar BR, Tolar J. TALEN-based gene correction for epidermolysis bullosa. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1151-9. [PMID: 23546300 PMCID: PMC3677309 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is characterized by a functional deficit of type VII collagen protein due to gene defects in the type VII collagen gene (COL7A1). Gene augmentation therapies are promising, but run the risk of insertional mutagenesis. To abrogate this risk, we explored the possibility of using engineered transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) for precise genome editing. We report the ability of TALEN to induce site-specific double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) leading to homology-directed repair (HDR) from an exogenous donor template. This process resulted in COL7A1 gene mutation correction in primary fibroblasts that were subsequently reprogrammed into inducible pluripotent stem cells and showed normal protein expression and deposition in a teratoma-based skin model in vivo. Deep sequencing-based genome-wide screening established a safety profile showing on-target activity and three off-target (OT) loci that, importantly, were at least 10 kb from a coding sequence. This study provides proof-of-concept for TALEN-mediated in situ correction of an endogenous patient-specific gene mutation and used an unbiased screen for comprehensive TALEN target mapping that will cooperatively facilitate translational application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Osborn
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Colby G Starker
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amber N McElroy
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Beau R Webber
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Megan J Riddle
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lily Xia
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anthony P DeFeo
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Richard Gabriel
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Schmidt
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof Von Kalle
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel F Carlson
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Morgan L Maeder
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Computational & Integrative Biology, and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J Keith Joung
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Computational & Integrative Biology, and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John E Wagner
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel F Voytas
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, MMC 366, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. E-mail:
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Abstract
Genome engineering--the ability to precisely alter the DNA information in living cells--is beginning to transform human genetics and genomics. Advances in tools and methods have enabled genetic modifications ranging from the "scarless" correction of a single base pair to the deletion of entire chromosomes. Targetable nucleases are leading the advances in this field, providing the tools to modify any gene in seemingly any organism with high efficiency. Targeted gene alterations have now been reported in more than 30 diverse species, ending the reign of mice as the exclusive model of mammalian genetics, and targetable nucleases have been used to modify more than 150 human genes and loci. A nuclease has also already entered clinical trials, signaling the beginning of genome engineering as therapy. The recent dramatic increase in the number of investigators using these techniques signifies a transition away from methods development toward a new age of exciting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Segal
- Genome Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616;
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Fujii W, Kano K, Sugiura K, Naito K. Repeatable construction method for engineered zinc finger nuclease based on overlap extension PCR and TA-cloning. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59801. [PMID: 23536890 PMCID: PMC3607563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) is a useful tool for endogenous site-directed genome modification. The development of an easier, less expensive and repeatedly usable construction method for various sequences of ZFNs should contribute to the further widespread use of this technology. Here, we establish a novel construction method for ZFNs. Zinc finger (ZF) fragments were synthesized by PCR using short primers coding DNA recognition helices of the ZF domain. DNA-binding domains composed of 4 to 6 ZFs were synthesized by overlap extension PCR of these PCR products, and the DNA-binding domains were joined with a nuclease vector by TA cloning. The short primers coding unique DNA recognition helices can be used repeatedly for other ZFN constructions. By using this novel OLTA (OverLap extension PCR and TA-cloning) method, arbitrary ZFN vectors were synthesized within 3 days, from the designing to the sequencing of the vector. Four different ZFN sets synthesized by OLTA showed nuclease activities at endogenous target loci. Genetically modified mice were successfully generated using ZFN vectors constructed by OLTA. This method, which enables the construction of intended ZFNs repeatedly and inexpensively in a short period of time, should contribute to the advancement of ZFN technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Fujii
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (WF); (KN)
| | - Kiyoshi Kano
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Biomedical Science Center for Translational Research (BSCTR), United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Koji Sugiura
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Naito
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (WF); (KN)
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Nerys-Junior A, Costa LC, Braga-Dias LP, Oliveira M, Rossi AD, da Cunha RD, Gonçalves GS, Tanuri A. Use of the heteroduplex mobility assay and cell sorting to select genome sequences of the CCR5 gene in HEK 293T cells edited by transcription activator-like effector nucleases. Genet Mol Biol 2013; 37:120-6. [PMID: 24688299 PMCID: PMC3958318 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572014000100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineered nucleases such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFN) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) are one of the most promising tools for modifying genomes. These site-specific enzymes cause double-strand breaks that allow gene disruption or gene insertion, thereby facilitating genetic manipulation. The major problem associated with this approach is the labor-intensive procedures required to screen and confirm the cellular modification by nucleases. In this work, we produced a TALEN that targets the human CCR5 gene and developed a heteroduplex mobility assay for HEK 293T cells to select positive colonies for sequencing. This approach provides a useful tool for the quick detection and easy assessment of nuclease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arildo Nerys-Junior
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lendel C Costa
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciene P Braga-Dias
- Plataforma de Animais Transgênicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Márcia Oliveira
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Sobre o Timo, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Atila D Rossi
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel S Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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13
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Abstract
The discovery of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has broadened the promises of regenerative medicine through the generation of syngeneic replacement cells or tissues via the differentiation of patient-specific iPS cells. To apply iPS cell-mediated therapy to patients with genetic disorders, however, genome-editing technologies with high efficiency and specificity are needed. Recently, several targeted genome-editing strategies mediated by zinc finger nuclease and transcription activator-like effector nuclease have been applied to human and mouse iPS cells. Furthermore, spontaneous homologous recombination can restore genotype to wild type in mouse iPS cells heterozygous for genetic mutations. Through genome editing, the clinical application of patient-specific genetic mutation-free iPS cells to genetic disorders can finally be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Tao Cheng
- Stem Cell Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Whyte JJ, Prather RS. CELL BIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Zinc finger nucleases to create custom-designed modifications in the swine (Sus scrofa) genome1,2. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:1111-7. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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