1
|
Dunican C, Andradi-Brown C, Ebmeier S, Georgiadou A, Cunnington AJ. The malarial blood transcriptome: translational applications. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:651-660. [PMID: 38421063 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The blood transcriptome of malaria patients has been used extensively to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms and host immune responses to disease, identify candidate diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and reveal new therapeutic targets for drug discovery. This review gives a high-level overview of the three main translational applications of these studies (diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics) by summarising recent literature and outlining the main limitations and future directions of each application. It highlights the need for consistent and accurate definitions of disease states and subject groups and discusses how prognostic studies must distinguish clearly between analyses that attempt to predict future disease states and those which attempt to discriminate between current disease states (classification). Lastly it examines how many promising therapeutics fail due to the choice of imperfect animal models for pre-clinical testing and lack of appropriate validation studies in humans, and how future transcriptional studies may be utilised to overcome some of these limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Dunican
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Clare Andradi-Brown
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Stefan Ebmeier
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Athina Georgiadou
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Aubrey J Cunnington
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kumatia EK, Zoiku FK, Asase A, Tung NH. In vitro and in silico anti-malarial activity and cytotoxicity of n-hexyl 1-O-rutinoside (a glycoside) isolated from Annickia polycarpa (DC.) Setten and Maas ex I.M. Turner (Annonaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 319:117287. [PMID: 37827299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Annickia polycarpa leaf is an effective anti-malarial agent. However, its chemical constituents have not been isolated and assayed against any pathogen. AIM OF THE STUDY To isolate and characterize anti-malarial compound(s) from the leaf of A. polycarpa. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bioassay-guided fractionation was employed to isolated the compound (AL1) from the chloroform fraction (ALCF) of the basified ethanol extract of A. polycarpa leaf (ALE). AL1 was characterized by LC-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis. Anti-malarial activity was evaluated against drug resistance Dd2 and drug sensitive 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum strains using the SYBR green assay. Cytotoxicity and mechanistic studies were determined using tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay and molecular docking respectively. RESULTS AL1 was characterized as n-hexyl 1-O-rutinoside. The IC50 values of ALE and ALCF against 3D7 and Dd2 P. falciparum strains ranges from 3.441 (0.3389) - 4.255 (0.2246) μg/mL. The IC50s obtained for n-hexyl 1-O-rutinoside and Artesunate (standard drug) were 7.71 (0.5473) and 0.001 (0.00008) nM against the 3D7 parasite strain respectively. Also, the efficacy of n-hexyl 1-O-rutinoside increased by 24.40% against the chloroquine resistance Dd2 P. falciparum strain whiles that of Artesunate decreased by 98.96%. Furthermore, ALE, ALCF and n-hexyl 1-O-rutinoside were weakly cytotoxic to human RBCs with high selectivity indices. N-hexyl 1-O-rutinoside inhibits P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) and dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (PfDHFR-TS) better than chloroquine and pyrimethamine respectively. But, produced similar inhibition of P. falciparum 2-trans-enoyl -ACP-reductase (PfERN) as triclosan. CONCLUSION These results show that A. polycarpa leaf and n-hexyl 1-O-rutinoside possessed profound anti-malarial activity and are not cytotoxic. N-hexyl 1-O-rutinoside could therefore, be developed into a new anti-malarial medicine. This is the first study to report the anti-malarial activity of n-hexyl 1-O-rutinoside and its isolation from the genus Annickia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Kofi Kumatia
- Department of Phytochemistry, Centre for Plant Medicine Research, Mampong-Akwapim, Ghana; Department of Quality Management, Centre for Plant Medicine Research, Mampong-Akwapim, Ghana.
| | - Felix Kwame Zoiku
- Depaertment of Epidemiology, Nouguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Alex Asase
- Plant Development Department, Centre for Plant Medicine Research, Mampong-Akwapim, Ghana.
| | - Nguyen Huu Tung
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Viet Nam.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun P, Wang C, Zhang Y, Tang X, Hu D, Xie F, Hao Z, Suo J, Yu Y, Suo X, Liu X. Transcriptome profile of halofuginone resistant and sensitive strains of Eimeria tenella. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1141952. [PMID: 37065111 PMCID: PMC10098198 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1141952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiparasitic drug halofuginone is important for controlling apicomplexan parasites. However, the occurrence of halofuginone resistance is a major obstacle for it to the treatment of apicomplexan parasites. Current studies have identified the molecular marker and drug resistance mechanisms of halofuginone in Plasmodium falciparum. In this study, we tried to use transcriptomic data to explore resistance mechanisms of halofuginone in apicomplexan parasites of the genus Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae). After halofuginone treatment of E. tenella parasites, transcriptome analysis was performed using samples derived from both resistant and sensitive strains. In the sensitive group, DEGs associated with enzymes were significantly downregulated, whereas the DNA damaging process was upregulated after halofuginone treatment, revealing the mechanism of halofuginone-induced parasite death. In addition, 1,325 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between halofuginone resistant and sensitive strains, and the DEGs related to translation were significantly downregulated after halofuginone induction. Overall, our results provide a gene expression profile for further studies on the mechanism of halofuginone resistance in E. tenella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyue Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinming Tang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Hu
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fujie Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenkai Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxia Suo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonglan Yu
- Department of Clinic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Suo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xun Suo,
| | - Xianyong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Xianyong Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Parreira KS, Scarpelli P, Rezende Lima W, Garcia RS. Contribution of Transcriptome to Elucidate the Biology of Plasmodium spp. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:169-187. [PMID: 35021974 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220111140803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present review, we discuss some of the new technologies that have been applied to elucidate how Plasmodium spp escape from the immune system and subvert the host physiology to orchestrate the regulation of its biological pathways. Our manuscript describes how techniques such as microarray approaches, RNA-Seq and single-cell RNA sequencing have contributed to the discovery of transcripts and changed the concept of gene expression regulation in closely related malaria parasite species. Moreover, the text highlights the contributions of high-throughput RNA sequencing for the current knowledge of malaria parasite biology, physiology, vaccine target and the revelation of new players in parasite signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Scarpelli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wânia Rezende Lima
- Departamento de Medicina, Instituto de Biotecnologia-Universidade Federal de Catalão
| | - R S Garcia
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nugraha AS, Purnomo YD, Widhi Pratama AN, Triatmoko B, Hendra R, Wongso H, Avery VM, Keller PA. Isolation of Antimalarial Agents From Indonesian Medicinal Plants: Swietenia mahagoni and Pluchea indica. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211068926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a neglected tropical disease that still demands serious efforts to tackle successfully, including the need for new antimalarial lead compounds to combat drug-resistant Plasmodium. Intensive phytochemical and pharmacological investigation into the Indonesian medicinal plants Swietenia mahagoni and Pluchea indica successfully revealed 5 constituents. Antimalarial bioassays indicated 34,5-tri- O-caffeoylquinic acid (4) to be the most active against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and Dd2 strains with IC50 values of 8.2 and 8.8 µM, respectively. No cytotoxicity was observed against Human Embryonic Kidney cells at a concentration of 40 µM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ari S. Nugraha
- Drug Utilisation and Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jember, Jember, Indonesia
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong,Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Yoshinta D. Purnomo
- Drug Utilisation and Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jember, Jember, Indonesia
| | - Antonius N. Widhi Pratama
- Drug Utilisation and Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jember, Jember, Indonesia
| | - Bawon Triatmoko
- Drug Utilisation and Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jember, Jember, Indonesia
| | - Rudi Hendra
- School of Chemistry, University of Riau, Riau, Indonesia
| | - Hendris Wongso
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong,Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Center for Applied Nuclear Science and Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Vicky M. Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul A. Keller
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong,Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xie Y, Huang B, Xu L, Zhao Q, Zhu S, Zhao H, Dong H, Han H. Comparative Transcriptome Analyses of Drug-sensitive and Drug-resistant Strains of Eimeria tenella by RNA-sequencing. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2020; 67:406-416. [PMID: 32027445 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis is a widespread and economically significant disease in poultry. At present, treatment of coccidiosis mainly relies on drugs. Anticoccidial drugs can be divided into two categories: ionophorous compounds and synthetic drugs. However, the emergence of drug-resistant strains has become a challenge for coccidiosis control with anticoccidial drugs. To gain insights into the molecular mechanism governing the drug resistance of Eimeria tenella, two drug-resistant strains of E. tenella, one maduramicin-resistant (MRR) strain and one diclazuril-resistant (DZR) strain, were generated. We carried out comparative transcriptome analyses of a drug-sensitive strain (DS) and two drug-resistant MRR and DZR strains of E. tenella using RNA-sequencing. A total of 1,070 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 672 upregulated and 398 downregulated, were identified in MRR vs. DS, and 379 DEGs, 330 upregulated and 49 downregulated, were detected in DZR vs. DS. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses were performed to better understand the functions of these DEGs. In the comparison of DZR vs. DS, some DEGs were involved in peroxisome, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and fatty acid metabolism. In the comparison of MRR vs. DS, some DEGs were involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and DNA replication. In addition, some DEGs coded for surface antigens that were downregulated in two drug-resistant strains involved invasion, pathogenesis, and host-parasite interactions. These results provided suggestions for further research toward unraveling the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in Eimeria species and contribute to developing rapid molecular methods to detect resistance to these drugs in Eimeria species in poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Bing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Lingyang Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bovine Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Huanzhi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sosa Y, Egbo D, Akabas MH. Impact of Field Isolate Identified Nonsynonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms on Plasmodium falciparum Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1 Inhibitor Efficacy. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:205-214. [PMID: 31876139 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of malaria and causes approximately 500 000 deaths per year. P. falciparum parasites resistant to current antimalarial treatments are spreading. Therefore, it is imperative to develop new antimalarial drugs. Malaria parasites are purine auxotrophic. They rely on purine import from the host erythrocyte via Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters (ENTs). Recently, inhibitors of the P. falciparum ENT1 (PfENT1) that inhibit proliferation of malaria parasites in culture have been identified as promising starting points for antimalarial drug development. Genome sequencing of P. falciparum field isolates has identified nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene encoding PfENT1. Here we evaluate the impact of these PfENT1 SNPs on purine substrate affinity and inhibitor efficacy. We expressed each PfENT1-SNP in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using PfENT1-SNP-expressing yeast, we characterized the PfENT1 purine substrate affinity using radiolabeled substrate uptake inhibition experiments. Four of the 13 SNPs altered affinity for one or more purines by up to 7-fold. Three of the SNPs reduced the potency of a subset of the inhibitors by up to 7-fold. One SNP, Q284E, reduced the potency of all six inhibitor chemotypes. We tested drug efficacy in available parasite strains containing PfENT1 SNPs. While PfENT1-SNP-expressing yeast had decreased sensitivity to PfENT1 inhibitors, parasite strains containing SNPs showed similar or more potent inhibition of proliferation with all PfENT1 inhibitors. Thus, parasite strains bearing PfENT1 SNPs are not resistant to these PfENT1 inhibitors. This supports PfENT1 as a promising target for further development of novel antimalarial drugs.
Collapse
|
8
|
Rezansoff AM, Laing R, Martinelli A, Stasiuk S, Redman E, Bartley D, Holroyd N, Devaney E, Sargison ND, Doyle S, Cotton JA, Gilleard JS. The confounding effects of high genetic diversity on the determination and interpretation of differential gene expression analysis in the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:847-858. [PMID: 31525371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Differential expression analysis between parasitic nematode strains is commonly used to implicate candidate genes in anthelmintic resistance or other biological functions. We have tested the hypothesis that the high genetic diversity of an organism such as Haemonchus contortus could complicate such analyses. First, we investigated the extent to which sequence polymorphism affects the reliability of differential expression analysis between the genetically divergent H. contortus strains MHco3(ISE), MHco4(WRS) and MHco10(CAVR). Using triplicates of 20 adult female worms from each population isolated under parallel experimental conditions, we found that high rates of sequence polymorphism in RNAseq reads were associated with lower efficiency read mapping to gene models under default TopHat2 parameters, leading to biased estimates of inter-strain differential expression. We then showed it is possible to largely compensate for this bias by optimising the read mapping single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) allowance and filtering out genes with particularly high single nucleotide polymorphism rates. Once the sequence polymorphism biases were removed, we then assessed the genuine transcriptional diversity between the strains, finding ≥824 differentially expressed genes across all three pairwise strain comparisons. This high level of inter-strain transcriptional diversity not only suggests substantive inter-strain phenotypic variation but also highlights the difficulty in reliably associating differential expression of specific genes with phenotypic differences. To provide a practical example, we analysed two gene families of potential relevance to ivermectin drug resistance; the ABC transporters and the ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs). Over half of genes identified as differentially expressed using default TopHat2 parameters were shown to be an artifact of sequence polymorphism differences. This work illustrates the need to account for sequence polymorphism in differential expression analysis. It also demonstrates that a large number of genuine transcriptional differences can occur between H. contortus strains and these must be considered before associating the differential expression of specific genes with phenotypic differences between strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Rezansoff
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Martinelli
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Stasiuk
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Redman
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dave Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Neil D Sargison
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Doyle
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - James A Cotton
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu G, Zhu S, Zhao Q, Dong H, Huang B, Zhao H, Li Z, Wang L, Han H. Molecular characterization of surface antigen 10 of Eimeria tenella. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2989-99. [PMID: 31473858 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chicken coccidiosis is caused by the apicomplexan parasite Eimeria spp. At present, drug resistance of Eimeria is common because of the indiscriminate use of anticoccidial drugs. The gene encoding surface antigen 10 of Eimeria tenella (EtSAG10) is differentially expressed between drug-resistant and drug-sensitive strains. RNA-seq analysis indicated that this gene was downregulated in strains resistant to maduramicin and diclazuril compared to susceptible strains. EtSAG10 DNA sequence alignment revealed that they contained one and ten mutations in MRR and DZR, compared with DS, respectively. A full-length EtSAG10 cDNA was successfully cloned and expressed, and the polyclonal antibody was prepared. The transcription and translation levels of EtSAG10 were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting. The localization of EtSAG10 in Spz, Mrz, and parasites in the first asexual stage was determined by indirect immunofluorescence. The potential association of EtSAG10 with sporozoite invasion of host cells was assessed by invasion inhibition assays. The results showed that EtSAG10 had a predicted transmembrane domain at the C-terminal end and a predicted signal peptide at the N-terminal end. EtSAG10 was downregulated in drug-resistant strains, which is consistent with the RNA-seq results. The EtSAG10 protein was localized to the parasite surface and parasitophorous vacuole membrane. This protein was shown to play a role in the infection of chicken intestine by sporozoites.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bah SY, Morang'a CM, Kengne-Ouafo JA, Amenga-Etego L, Awandare GA. Highlights on the Application of Genomics and Bioinformatics in the Fight Against Infectious Diseases: Challenges and Opportunities in Africa. Front Genet 2018; 9:575. [PMID: 30538723 PMCID: PMC6277583 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomics and bioinformatics are increasingly contributing to our understanding of infectious diseases caused by bacterial pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum. This ranges from investigations of disease outbreaks and pathogenesis, host and pathogen genomic variation, and host immune evasion mechanisms to identification of potential diagnostic markers and vaccine targets. High throughput genomics data generated from pathogens and animal models can be combined with host genomics and patients’ health records to give advice on treatment options as well as potential drug and vaccine interactions. However, despite accounting for the highest burden of infectious diseases, Africa has the lowest research output on infectious disease genomics. Here we review the contributions of genomics and bioinformatics to the management of infectious diseases of serious public health concern in Africa including tuberculosis (TB), dengue fever, malaria and filariasis. Furthermore, we discuss how genomics and bioinformatics can be applied to identify drug and vaccine targets. We conclude by identifying challenges to genomics research in Africa and highlighting how these can be overcome where possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saikou Y Bah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,Vaccine and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Collins Misita Morang'a
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jonas A Kengne-Ouafo
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Lucas Amenga-Etego
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gordon A Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kumar M, Mohanty AK, Sreenivasamurthy SK, Dey G, Advani J, Pinto SM, Kumar A, Prasad TSK. Response to Blood Meal in the Fat Body of Anopheles stephensi Using Quantitative Proteomics: Toward New Vector Control Strategies Against Malaria. OMICS 2017; 21:520-530. [PMID: 28873011 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains a grand challenge for disruptive innovation in global health therapeutics and diagnostics. Anopheles stephensi is one of the major vectors of malaria in Asia. Vector and transmission control are key focus areas in the fight against malaria, a field of postgenomics research where proteomics can play a substantive role. Moreover, to identify novel strategies to control the vector population, it is necessary to understand the vector life processes at a global and molecular scale. In this context, fat body is a vital organ required for vitellogenesis, vector immunity, vector physiology, and vector-parasite interaction. Given its central role in energy metabolism, vitellogenesis, and immune function, the proteome profile of the fat body and the impact of blood meal (BM) ingestion on the protein abundances of this vital organ have not been investigated so far. Therefore, using a proteomics approach, we identified the proteins expressed in the fat body of An. stephensi and their differential expression in response to BM ingestion. In all, we identified 3,218 proteins in the fat body using high-resolution mass spectrometry, of which 483 were found to be differentially expressed in response to the BM ingestion. Bioinformatics analysis of these proteins underscored their role in amino acid metabolism, vitellogenesis, lipid transport, signal peptide processing, mosquito immunity, and oxidation-reduction processes. Interestingly, we identified five novel genes, which were found to be differentially expressed upon BM ingestion. Proteins that exhibited altered expression in the present study are potential targets for vector control strategies and development of transmission blocking vaccines in the fight against malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics , Bangalore, India .,2 Manipal University , Manipal, India
| | | | | | - Gourav Dey
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics , Bangalore, India .,2 Manipal University , Manipal, India
| | - Jayshree Advani
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics , Bangalore, India .,2 Manipal University , Manipal, India
| | - Sneha M Pinto
- 4 YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya University , Mangalore, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- 3 National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR) , Panjim, India
| | - Thottethodi Subrahmanya Keshava Prasad
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics , Bangalore, India .,4 YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya University , Mangalore, India .,5 NIMHANS-IOB Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences , Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|