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Ge X, Weis K, Raetzman L. Glycoprotein hormone subunit alpha 2 (GPHA2): A pituitary stem cell-expressed gene associated with NOTCH2 signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 586:112163. [PMID: 38246572 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
NOTCH2 is expressed in pituitary stem cells and is necessary for stem cell maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation. However, the pathways NOTCH2 engages to affect pituitary development remain unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that glycoprotein hormone subunit A2 (GPHA2), a corneal stem cell factor and ligand for the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), is downstream of NOTCH2 signaling. We found Gpha2 is expressed in quiescent pituitary stem cells by RNAscope in situ hybridization and scRNA seq. In Notch2 conditional knockout pituitaries, Gpha2 mRNA is reduced compared with control littermates. We then investigated the possible functions of GPHA2. Pituitaries treated with a GPHA2 peptide do not have a change in proliferation. However, in dissociated adult pituitary cells, GPHA2 increased pCREB expression and this induction was reversed by co-treatment with a TSHR inhibitor. These data suggest GPHA2 is a NOTCH2 related stem cell factor that activates TSHR signaling, potentially impacting pituitary development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Ge
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 524 Burrill Hall, 407 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Karen Weis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 524 Burrill Hall, 407 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Lori Raetzman
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 524 Burrill Hall, 407 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Gao Y, Zhan T, Xu Y, Zhu K, Shi Y, Jin L, Meng L. Causal association of TSH with ischemic heart diseases and heart failure: A 2-sample Mendelian randomization study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37539. [PMID: 38518006 PMCID: PMC10957026 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyroid dysfunction is associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease; however, whether plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in subjects with euthyroidism affect the risk of cardiovascular disease remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the causal association between plasma TSH levels and cardiovascular diseases, particularly ischemic heart disease and heart failure (HF). Summary statistics from the Integrative Epidemiology Unit Open genome-wide association studies Project and FinnGen consortium were used to investigate the causal relationship between plasma TSH levels and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis using inverse-variance weighting as the primary method was performed. The MR Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier and leave-one-out methods were used to ensure the robustness of our findings. Genetically determined plasma TSH levels were associated with major coronary heart disease events (OR 1.0557, 95% CI 1.0141-1.0991), all-cause HF (OR 0.9587, 95% CI 0.9231-0.9956), and HF + non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (OR 0.9318, 95% CI 0.8786-0.9882). After the Bonferroni correction, the causation described above disappeared. In the secondary analysis, genetically determined higher TSH levels were associated with a higher risk for unstable angina pectoris (OR 1.0913, 95% CI 1.0350-1.1507), but were associated with a lower risk for HF + overweight (OR 0.9265, 95% CI 0.8821-0.9731). These results were further validated using sensitivity analysis. Our findings show that increased plasma TSH levels in patients with euthyroidism may increase the risk of unstable angina pectoris but reduce the risk of HF in overweight patients. This evidence indicates that plasma TSH levels may need to be carefully controlled in specific patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Tianwei Zhan
- Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’ s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingchun Xu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Kaijun Zhu
- School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yifei Shi
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for CANCER, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Langping Jin
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Liwei Meng
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing, China
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Yue R, Hui B, Chen H. EFFECT OF THE C-TERMINUS OF TSHR ON T4 AND TRAB EXPRESSION IN BALB/C MICE. Acta Endocrinol (Buchar) 2023; 19:149-154. [PMID: 37908889 PMCID: PMC10614581 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2023.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Context The expression of TSHR-C on the serum tetraiodothyronine (T4) and TSH receptor antibody (TRAb) levels are rarely studied. Objective The effect of TSHR-c on T4 and TRAb levels and concomitant thyroid histological changes in mice was investigated. Design Animal experimental study. Subjects and methods Female BALB/c mice at 6-8 weeks of age were immunized with the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antigen C-terminus (TSHR-C), and randomly divided into control group (treated with the corresponding concentrations of normal saline) and four experimental subgroups: TSHR-c1 subgroup (4 µg), TSHR-c2 subgroup (6 µg), TSHR-c3 subgroup (8 µg) and TSHR-c4 subgroup (10 µg). Serum T4 and TRAb levels were determined. Results The serum T4 level decreased significantly in the experimental mice as the concentration increased. All the experimental mice were positive for serum TRAb (experimental groups: 40 positive/40, 100% vs. control group: 3 positive/10, 30%) compared to the control group (P =0.000). HE staining showed that the follicles in the control mice were composed of small to medium-sized round follicles, whereas the follicles in the experimental mice were irregularly enlarged under light microscope. Conclusions TSHR-c immunization resulted in thyroid hormone changes like those observed in hypothyroidism, probably due to the induction of TRAb generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.H. Yue
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Department of Endocrine Metabolic, Lanzhou
| | - B. Hui
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital Group East Hospital - No.1, Department of Cardiology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - H. Chen
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Department of Endocrine Metabolic, Lanzhou
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Liu Y, Yang H, Liang C, Huang X, Deng X, Luo Z. Expression of functional thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor in microglia. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2021; 83:40-45. [PMID: 34896340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to clarify the expression of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) in microglial cells, and to explore its function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of TSHR in microglia was determined by Western blot, immunocytofluorescence and double immunohistofluorescence. Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) production was measured after thyrotropin receptor stimulating antibody (TSAb) treatment. RESULTS Results showed that TSHR protein was expressed and mainly located in the mouse microglia membrane. Moreover, TSAb stimulated cAMP production in mouse microglia (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the presence of TSHR in microglial cells. Brain TSHR was able to respond specifically to TSAb stimulation, suggesting that TSHR expression is functional. As microglia are innate immune cells that maintain environmental stability in the central nervous system and play a key role in many neuroimmune diseases, expression of functional TSHR in microglia has important pathophysiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfeng Liang
- Department of Blood transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujun Deng
- Department of Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuojie Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China.
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Kučka M, Gonzalez-Iglesias AE, Tomić M, Prévide RM, Smiljanic K, Sokanovic SJ, Fletcher PA, Sherman A, Balla T, Stojilkovic SS. Calcium-Prolactin Secretion Coupling in Rat Pituitary Lactotrophs Is Controlled by PI4-Kinase Alpha. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:790441. [PMID: 35058881 PMCID: PMC8764672 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.790441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of calcium, but not of other intracellular signaling molecules, in the release of pituitary hormones by exocytosis is well established. Here, we analyzed the contribution of phosphatidylinositol kinases (PIKs) to calcium-driven prolactin (PRL) release in pituitary lactotrophs: PI4Ks - which control PI4P production, PIP5Ks - which synthesize PI(4, 5)P2 by phosphorylating the D-5 position of the inositol ring of PI4P, and PI3KCs - which phosphorylate PI(4, 5)P2 to generate PI(3, 4, 5)P3. We used common and PIK-specific inhibitors to evaluate the strength of calcium-secretion coupling in rat lactotrophs. Gene expression was analyzed by single-cell RNA sequencing and qRT-PCR analysis; intracellular and released hormones were assessed by radioimmunoassay and ELISA; and single-cell calcium signaling was recorded by Fura 2 imaging. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed the expression of Pi4ka, Pi4kb, Pi4k2a, Pi4k2b, Pip5k1a, Pip5k1c, and Pik3ca, as well as Pikfyve and Pip4k2c, in lactotrophs. Wortmannin, a PI3K and PI4K inhibitor, but not LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, blocked spontaneous action potential driven PRL release with a half-time of ~20 min when applied in 10 µM concentration, leading to accumulation of intracellular PRL content. Wortmannin also inhibited increase in PRL release by high potassium, the calcium channel agonist Bay K8644, and calcium mobilizing thyrotropin-releasing hormone without affecting accompanying calcium signaling. GSK-A1, a specific inhibitor of PI4KA, also inhibited calcium-driven PRL secretion without affecting calcium signaling and Prl expression. In contrast, PIK93, a specific inhibitor of PI4KB, and ISA2011B and UNC3230, specific inhibitors of PIP5K1A and PIP5K1C, respectively, did not affect PRL release. These experiments revealed a key role of PI4KA in calcium-secretion coupling in pituitary lactotrophs downstream of voltage-gated and PI(4, 5)P2-dependent calcium signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Kučka
- Section on Cellular Signaling, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Arturo E. Gonzalez-Iglesias
- Section on Cellular Signaling, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Melanija Tomić
- Section on Cellular Signaling, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rafael M. Prévide
- Section on Cellular Signaling, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kosara Smiljanic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Srdjan J. Sokanovic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Patrick A. Fletcher
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Arthur Sherman
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tamas Balla
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Stanko S. Stojilkovic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Stanko S. Stojilkovic,
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