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Donley N, Bullard RD, Economos J, Figueroa I, Lee J, Liebman AK, Martinez DN, Shafiei F. Pesticides and environmental injustice in the USA: root causes, current regulatory reinforcement and a path forward. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:708. [PMID: 35436924 PMCID: PMC9017009 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many environmental pollutants are known to have disproportionate effects on Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC) as well as communities of low-income and wealth. The reasons for these disproportionate effects are complex and involve hundreds of years of systematic oppression kept in place through structural racism and classism in the USA. Here we analyze the available literature and existing datasets to determine the extent to which disparities in exposure and harm exist for one of the most widespread pollutants in the world – pesticides. Our objective was to identify and discuss not only the historical injustices that have led to these disparities, but also the current laws, policies and regulatory practices that perpetuate them to this day with the ultimate goal of proposing achievable solutions. Disparities in exposures and harms from pesticides are widespread, impacting BIPOC and low-income communities in both rural and urban settings and occurring throughout the entire lifecycle of the pesticide from production to end-use. These disparities are being perpetuated by current laws and regulations through 1) a pesticide safety double standard, 2) inadequate worker protections, and 3) export of dangerous pesticides to developing countries. Racial, ethnic and income disparities are also maintained through policies and regulatory practices that 4) fail to implement environmental justice Executive Orders, 5) fail to account for unintended pesticide use or provide adequate training and support, 6) fail to effectively monitor and follow-up with vulnerable communities post-approval, and 7) fail to implement essential protections for children. Here we’ve identified federal laws, regulations, policies, and practices that allow for disparities in pesticide exposure and harm to remain entrenched in everyday life for environmental justice communities. This is not simply a pesticides issue, but a broader public health and civil rights issue. The true fix is to shift the USA to a more just system based on the Precautionary Principle to prevent harmful pollution exposure to everyone, regardless of skin tone or income. However, there are actions that can be taken within our existing framework in the short term to make our unjust regulatory system work better for everyone.
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Benbrook C, Perry MJ, Belpoggi F, Landrigan PJ, Perro M, Mandrioli D, Antoniou MN, Winchester P, Mesnage R. Commentary: Novel strategies and new tools to curtail the health effects of pesticides. Environ Health 2021; 20:87. [PMID: 34340709 PMCID: PMC8330079 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00773-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flaws in the science supporting pesticide risk assessment and regulation stand in the way of progress in mitigating the human health impacts of pesticides. Critical problems include the scope of regulatory testing protocols, the near-total focus on pure active ingredients rather than formulated products, lack of publicly accessible information on co-formulants, excessive reliance on industry-supported studies coupled with reticence to incorporate published results in the risk assessment process, and failure to take advantage of new scientific opportunities and advances, e.g. biomonitoring and "omics" technologies. RECOMMENDED ACTIONS Problems in pesticide risk assessment are identified and linked to study design, data, and methodological shortcomings. Steps and strategies are presented that have potential to deepen scientific knowledge of pesticide toxicity, exposures, and risks. We propose four solutions: (1) End near-sole reliance in regulatory decision-making on industry-supported studies by supporting and relying more heavily on independent science, especially for core toxicology studies. The cost of conducting core toxicology studies at labs not affiliated with or funded directly by pesticide registrants should be covered via fees paid by manufacturers to public agencies. (2) Regulators should place more weight on mechanistic data and low-dose studies within the range of contemporary exposures. (3) Regulators, public health agencies, and funders should increase the share of exposure-assessment resources that produce direct measures of concentrations in bodily fluids and tissues. Human biomonitoring is vital in order to quickly identify rising exposures among vulnerable populations including applicators, pregnant women, and children. (4) Scientific tools across disciplines can accelerate progress in risk assessments if integrated more effectively. New genetic and metabolomic markers of adverse health impacts and heritable epigenetic impacts are emerging and should be included more routinely in risk assessment to effectively prevent disease. CONCLUSIONS Preventing adverse public health outcomes triggered or made worse by exposure to pesticides will require changes in policy and risk assessment procedures, more science free of industry influence, and innovative strategies that blend traditional methods with new tools and mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Benbrook
- Heartland Health Research Alliance, 10526 SE Vashon Vista Drive, Port Orchard, WA 98367 USA
| | - Melissa J. Perry
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA
| | | | - Philip J. Landrigan
- Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston College, Newton, MA 02467 USA
| | | | | | - Michael N. Antoniou
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Paul Winchester
- School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Robin Mesnage
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
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3
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Rohr JR. The Atrazine Saga and its Importance to the Future of Toxicology, Science, and Environmental and Human Health. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:1544-1558. [PMID: 33999476 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide atrazine is one of the most commonly used, well studied, and controversial pesticides on the planet. Much of the controversy involves the effects of atrazine on wildlife, particularly amphibians, and the ethically questionable decision making of members of industry, government, the legal system, and institutions of higher education, in most cases in an effort to "bend science," defined as manipulating research to advance economic, political, or ideological ends. In this Critical Perspective I provide a timeline of the most salient events in the history of the atrazine saga, which includes a multimillion-dollar smear campaign, lawsuits, investigative reporting, accusation of impropriety against the US Environmental Protection Agency, and a multibillion-dollar transaction. I argue that the atrazine controversy must be more than just a true story of cover-ups, bias, and vengeance. It must be used as an example of how manufacturing uncertainty and bending science can be exploited to delay undesired regulatory decisions and how greed and conflicts of interest-situations where personal or organizational considerations have compromised or biased professional judgment and objectivity-can affect environmental and public health and erode trust in the discipline of toxicology, science in general, and the honorable functioning of societies. Most importantly, I offer several recommendations that should help to 1) prevent the history of atrazine from repeating itself, 2) enhance the credibility and integrity of science, and 3) enrich human and environmental health. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1544-1558. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Rohr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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4
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Valbuena D, Cely-Santos M, Obregón D. Agrochemical pesticide production, trade, and hazard: Narrowing the information gap in Colombia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 286:112141. [PMID: 33676136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are a major tool for the intensification of agriculture, and helped to increase food, feed and biofuel production. Yet, there are persistent concerns about the negative effects of pesticides in human health and the environment, particularly in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Given the lack of information on pesticide exposure and hazard, Colombia exemplifies the need to narrow the information gap on pesticide risk in LMICs. We assessed pesticide hazard in Colombia based on the official toxicity categorization, compared it to more integral international standards, and identified main actions to narrow this information gap. Results showed that Colombia has been a relevant regional actor in pesticide production and trade, reaching almost 75 million kilogrammes and liters sold in 2016. Based on acute toxicity for humans, a quarter of the amount of pesticides sales and imports, and a third of the exports in 2016 ranged from moderately to extremenly toxic. The top-selling agrochemicals in 2016 (glyphosate with 14% of the total sales, chlorpyrifos 7.5% and mancozeb 6.9%) are also commonly used in other countries, reflecting a homogenized global industry. Compared to integral international categorizations, we found that for that year 63% of the pesticides sold with slightly acute toxicity are actually considered highly hazardous pesticides (HHP) for humans or the environment, evidencing the need to use a more integral hazard categorization in the country. Narrowing the information gap in pesticide use and associated risks demands a transparent process of knowledge creation and sharing, including funtional information and monitoring systems. This should be part of an integral assessment and regulation that better defines HHP, their production and trade to reduce pesticide risk while informing a transition towards sustainable food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Valbuena
- Land Use Planning Group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands.
| | - Marcela Cely-Santos
- Ciencias Sociales y Saberes de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Colombia
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5
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Mingo V, Leeb C, Fahl AK, Lötters S, Brühl C, Wagner N. Validating buccal swabbing as a minimal-invasive method to detect pesticide exposure in squamate reptiles. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 229:529-537. [PMID: 31100624 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of enzymatic biomarkers constitutes a widely used approach in ecotoxicology. However, standard sampling procedures are invasive, requiring tissue, organ or blood extraction. This leads to concerns regarding conservation practice, animal welfare and restrictions in study design. New techniques are needed to avoid these problems, but still generate reliable data. Here, we aimed at validating the use of buccal swabs as a reliable method to detect pesticide exposure in reptiles. Common wall lizards (Podarcis muralis) were divided into control, dermal and oral treatment groups and exposed to different pesticide formulations. Subsequently, buccal swabs were taken and enzymatic activity was analyzed. We were able to confirm the suitability of the method to detect effects of pesticide exposure on the enzymatic level. While exposure to the formulation Roundup Ultramax® didn't match when compared to effects previously observed in situ when compared to other glyphosate based formulations, effects could still be detected. This can be seen as a strong indicator that the active ingredient of a formulation may not always be the mian driver for ecotoxicological effectsat the enzymatic level. At the same time, exposure towards the single formulation Vivando® didn't result in any effects. However, individuals residing in agricultural landscapes will mostly be exposed to pesticide mixes containing different formulations. Our results strongly advocate that buccal swabbing is a reliable minimal invasive method to generate samples for detecting effects of pesticide exposure in reptiles. Due to its easy handling, we believe it will provide new opportunities concerning study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Mingo
- Trier University, Department of Biogeography, Universitätsring 15, 54296, Trier, Germany.
| | - Christoph Leeb
- University Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Forststraße 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Fahl
- RWTH Aachen, Institute for Environmental Sciences (Biology V), Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Lötters
- Trier University, Department of Biogeography, Universitätsring 15, 54296, Trier, Germany
| | - Carsten Brühl
- University Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Forststraße 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Norman Wagner
- Trier University, Department of Biogeography, Universitätsring 15, 54296, Trier, Germany
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Chiapella AM, Grabowski ZJ, Rozance MA, Denton AD, Alattar MA, Granek EF. Toxic Chemical Governance Failure in the United States: Key Lessons and Paths Forward. Bioscience 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biz065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractOver 40 years of regulations in the United States have failed to protect human and environmental health. We contend that these failures result from the flawed governance over the continued production, use, and disposal of toxic chemicals. To address this failure, we need to identify the broader social, political, and technological processes producing, knowing, and regulating toxic chemicals, collectively referred to as toxic chemical governance. To do so, we create a conceptual framework covering five key domains of governance: knowledge production, policy design, monitoring and enforcement, evaluation, and adjudication. Within each domain, social actors of varying power negotiate what constitutes acceptable risk, creating longer-term path dependencies in how they are addressed (or not). Using existing literature and five case studies, we discuss four paths for improving governance: evolving paradigms of harm, addressing bias in the knowledge base, making governance more equitable, and overcoming path dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana M Chiapella
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Zbigniew J Grabowski
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, and with the Urban Systems Lab, at The New School, New York, New York
| | - Mary Ann Rozance
- College of the Environment at the University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Ashlie D Denton
- Hatfield School of Government, at Portland State University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Manar A Alattar
- Department of Biology at Portland Community College, Portland, Oregon
| | - Elise F Granek
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon
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7
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Martin OV, Adams J, Beasley A, Belanger S, Breton RL, Brock TCM, Buonsante VA, Galay Burgos M, Green J, Guiney PD, Hall T, Hanson M, Harris MJ, Henry TR, Huggett D, Junghans M, Laskowski R, Maack G, Moermond CTA, Panter G, Pease A, Poulsen V, Roberts M, Rudén C, Schlekat CE, Schoeters I, Solomon KR, Staveley J, Stubblefield B, Sumpter JP, Warne MSJ, Wentsel R, Wheeler JR, Wolff BA, Yamazaki K, Zahner H, Ågerstrand M. Improving environmental risk assessments of chemicals: Steps towards evidence-based ecotoxicology. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 128:210-217. [PMID: 31059916 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olwenn V Martin
- Dept of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Adams
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Scott Belanger
- Global Product Stewardship, Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Theo C M Brock
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands
| | | | - Malyka Galay Burgos
- European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Mark Hanson
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Tala R Henry
- Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Marion Junghans
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ryszard Laskowski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland
| | - Gerd Maack
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Caroline T A Moermond
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Grace Panter
- wca (previously affiliated with Syngenta Ltd., Berkshire, UK), Faringdon, UK
| | | | | | | | - Christina Rudén
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Sweden
| | | | | | - Keith R Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Bill Stubblefield
- Dept of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - John P Sumpter
- Dept of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael St J Warne
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia; Queensland Department of Environment and Science, Australia; Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, UK
| | | | - James R Wheeler
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont™, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Brian A Wolff
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Holly Zahner
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Marlene Ågerstrand
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Sweden.
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8
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Donley N. The USA lags behind other agricultural nations in banning harmful pesticides. Environ Health 2019; 18:44. [PMID: 31170989 PMCID: PMC6555703 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-019-0488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The United States of America (USA), European Union (EU), Brazil and China are four of the largest agricultural producers and users of agricultural pesticides in the world. Comparing the inclination and ability of different regulatory agencies to ban or eliminate pesticides that have the most potential for harm to humans and the environment can provide a glimpse into the effectiveness of each nation's pesticide regulatory laws and oversight. METHODS The approval status of more than 500 agricultural pesticides was identified in the USA, EU, Brazil and China and compared between nations. The amount of pesticides that were used in the USA and banned in these other nations was compiled and linear regression was used to identify trends in use. RESULTS There are 72, 17, and 11 pesticides approved for outdoor agricultural applications in the USA that are banned or in the process of complete phase out in the EU, Brazil, and China, respectively. Of the pesticides used in USA agriculture in 2016, 322 million pounds were of pesticides banned in the EU, 26 million pounds were of pesticides banned in Brazil and 40 million pounds were of pesticides banned in China. Pesticides banned in the EU account for more than a quarter of all agricultural pesticide use in the USA. The majority of pesticides banned in at least two of these three nations have not appreciably decreased in the USA over the last 25 years and almost all have stayed constant or increased over the last 10 years. CONCLUSIONS Many pesticides still widely used in the USA, at the level of tens to hundreds of millions of pounds annually, have been banned or are being phased out in the EU, China and Brazil. Of the pesticides banned in at least two of these nations, many have been implicated in acute pesticide poisonings in the USA and some are further restricted by individual states. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) has all but abandoned its use of non-voluntary cancellations in recent years, making pesticide cancellation in the USA largely an exercise that requires consent by the regulated industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Donley
- Environmental Health Program, Center for Biological Diversity, P.O. Box 11374, Portland, OR, 97211, USA.
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9
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Mebane CA, Sumpter JP, Fairbrother A, Augspurger TP, Canfield TJ, Goodfellow WL, Guiney PD, LeHuray A, Maltby L, Mayfield DB, McLaughlin MJ, Ortego LS, Schlekat T, Scroggins RP, Verslycke TA. Scientific integrity issues in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Improving research reproducibility, credibility, and transparency. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2019; 15:320-344. [PMID: 30609273 PMCID: PMC7313240 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
High-profile reports of detrimental scientific practices leading to retractions in the scientific literature contribute to lack of trust in scientific experts. Although the bulk of these have been in the literature of other disciplines, environmental toxicology and chemistry are not free from problems. While we believe that egregious misconduct such as fraud, fabrication of data, or plagiarism is rare, scientific integrity is much broader than the absence of misconduct. We are more concerned with more commonly encountered and nuanced issues such as poor reliability and bias. We review a range of topics including conflicts of interests, competing interests, some particularly challenging situations, reproducibility, bias, and other attributes of ecotoxicological studies that enhance or detract from scientific credibility. Our vision of scientific integrity encourages a self-correcting culture that promotes scientific rigor, relevant reproducible research, transparency in competing interests, methods and results, and education. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;00:000-000. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anne LeHuray
- Chemical Management Associates, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lisa S Ortego
- Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tamar Schlekat
- Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, Florida, USA
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10
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Wersebe M, Blackwood P, Guo YT, Jaeger J, May D, Meindl G, Ryan SN, Wong V, Hua J. The effects of different cold-temperature regimes on development, growth, and susceptibility to an abiotic and biotic stressor. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:3355-3366. [PMID: 30962897 PMCID: PMC6434568 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Global climate change is expected to both increase average temperatures as well as temperature variability.Increased average temperatures have led to earlier breeding in many spring-breeding organisms. However, individuals breeding earlier will also face increased temperature fluctuations, including exposure to potentially harmful cold-temperature regimes during early developmental stages.Using a model spring-breeding amphibian, we investigated how embryonic exposure to different cold-temperature regimes (control, cold-pulse, and cold-press) affected (a) compensatory larval development and growth, (b) larval susceptibility to a common contaminant, and (c) larval susceptibility to parasites.We found: (a) no evidence of compensatory development or growth, (b) larvae exposed to the cold-press treatment were more susceptible to NaCl at 4-days post-hatching but recovered by 17-days post-hatching, and (c) larvae exposed to both cold treatments were less susceptible to parasites.These results demonstrate that variation in cold-temperature regimes can lead to unique direct and indirect effects on larval growth, development, and response to stressors. This underscores the importance of considering cold-temperature variability and not just increased average temperatures when examining the impacts of climate disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wersebe
- Biological Sciences DepartmentBinghamton University (SUNY)BinghamtonNew York
| | - Paradyse Blackwood
- Biological Sciences DepartmentBinghamton University (SUNY)BinghamtonNew York
| | - Ying Tong Guo
- Biological Sciences DepartmentBinghamton University (SUNY)BinghamtonNew York
| | - Jared Jaeger
- Biological Sciences DepartmentBinghamton University (SUNY)BinghamtonNew York
| | - Dyllan May
- Biological Sciences DepartmentBinghamton University (SUNY)BinghamtonNew York
| | - George Meindl
- Biological Sciences DepartmentBinghamton University (SUNY)BinghamtonNew York
| | - Sean N. Ryan
- Biological Sciences DepartmentBinghamton University (SUNY)BinghamtonNew York
| | - Vivian Wong
- Biological Sciences DepartmentBinghamton University (SUNY)BinghamtonNew York
| | - Jessica Hua
- Biological Sciences DepartmentBinghamton University (SUNY)BinghamtonNew York
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11
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Beronius A, Molander L, Zilliacus J, Rudén C, Hanberg A. Testing and refining the Science in Risk Assessment and Policy (SciRAP) web-based platform for evaluating the reliability and relevance of in vivo toxicity studies. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1460-1470. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Beronius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Johanna Zilliacus
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Christina Rudén
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Annika Hanberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
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12
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Ågerstrand M, Christiansen S, Hanberg A, Rudén C, Andersson L, Andersen S, Appelgren H, Bjørge C, Clausen IH, Eide DM, Hartmann NB, Husøy T, Halldórsson HP, van der Hagen M, Ingre‐Khans E, Lillicrap AD, Beltoft VM, Mörk A, Murtomaa‐Hautala M, Nielsen E, Ólafsdóttir K, Palomäki J, Papponen H, Reiler EM, Stockmann‐Juvala H, Suutari T, Tyle H, Beronius A. A call for action: Improve reporting of research studies to increase the scientific basis for regulatory decision-making. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:783-785. [PMID: 29297199 PMCID: PMC5901032 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This is a call for action to scientific journals to introduce reporting requirements for toxicity and ecotoxicity studies. Such reporting requirements will support the use of peer-reviewed research studies in regulatory decision-making. Moreover, this could improve the reliability and reproducibility of published studies in general and make better use of the resources spent in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Ågerstrand
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical ChemistryStockholm UniversitySweden
| | - Sofie Christiansen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. LyngbyDenmark
| | - Annika Hanberg
- Institute of Environmental MedicineKarolinska InstitutetSweden
| | - Christina Rudén
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical ChemistryStockholm UniversitySweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dag Markus Eide
- Department of Toxicology and Risk assessmentNorwegian Institute of Public HealthOsloNorway
| | - Nanna B. Hartmann
- Department of Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. LyngbyDenmark
| | - Trine Husøy
- Department of Toxicology and Risk assessmentNorwegian Institute of Public HealthOsloNorway
| | | | | | - Ellen Ingre‐Khans
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical ChemistryStockholm UniversitySweden
| | - Adam David Lillicrap
- Ecotoxicology and Risk AssessmentNorwegian Institute for Water ResearchOsloNorway
| | - Vibe Meister Beltoft
- Division for Risk Assessment and Nutrition, National Food InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. LyngbyDenmark
| | | | - Mari Murtomaa‐Hautala
- Division of Environmental PermitsRegional State Administrative Agency for Northern FinlandOuluFinland
| | - Elsa Nielsen
- Division for Risk Assessment and Nutrition, National Food InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. LyngbyDenmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Henrik Tyle
- Danish Environmental Protection AgencyCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Anna Beronius
- Institute of Environmental MedicineKarolinska InstitutetSweden
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Hoskins TD, Boone MD. Atrazine feminizes sex ratio in Blanchard's cricket frogs (Acris blanchardi) at concentrations as low as 0.1 μg/L. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:427-435. [PMID: 29028124 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We exposed Blanchard's cricket frogs (Acris blanchardi) to ecologically relevant concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/L) of a commercial formulation of atrazine throughout the larval period to determine effects on survival, somatic growth and development (time to metamorphosis and mass at metamorphosis), and gonadal development (sex ratio at metamorphosis and the prevalence of testicular ova in phenotypic males). We tested the following hypotheses: 1) atrazine feminizes the sex ratio, 2) atrazine increases the proportion of phenotypic males with testicular ova, and 3) atrazine differentially affects somatic growth (mass at metamorphosis) and development (time to metamorphosis) for males and females. Although the control sex ratio was male-biased, exposure to 0.1 and 10 μg/L atrazine feminized sex ratios, because these treatments produced 51 and 55% fewer males than the control, respectively. We did not observe testicular ova. Atrazine did not impact survival or metamorphosis, and we did not detect sexually dimorphic impacts on time to metamorphosis or mass at metamorphosis. However, males metamorphosed 2.3 d later than females, regardless of treatment. Sex biases in timing of metamorphosis are underexplored in anurans, but if prevalent, could have important implications for theory surrounding the impact of environmental factors on metamorphosis. Our data suggest that cricket frog sex ratios are sensitive to environmentally relevant concentrations of atrazine and that feminization in the field is likely. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:427-435. © 2017 SETAC.
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Hook SE, Doan H, Gonzago D, Musson D, Du J, Kookana R, Sellars MJ, Kumar A. The impacts of modern-use pesticides on shrimp aquaculture: An assessment for north eastern Australia. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 148:770-780. [PMID: 29190596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides has increased in Australia over the last decade, and as a consequence, increased concentrations of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid have been measured in Australian rivers. Previous studies have shown that non-target crustaceans, including commercially important species, can be extremely sensitive to these pesticides. Most shrimp farms in Australia are predominantly located adjacent to estuaries so they can obtain their required saline water, which support multiple land uses upstream (e.g. sugar-cane farming, banana farming, beef cattle and urbanisation). Larval and post-larval shrimp may be most susceptible to the impacts of these pesticides because of their high surface area to volume ratio and rapid growth requirements. However, given the uncertainties in the levels of insecticides in farm intake water and regarding the impacts of insecticide exposure on shrimp larvae, the risks that the increased use of new classes of pesticide pose towards survival of post-larval phase shrimp cannot be adequately predicted. To assess the potential for risk, toxicity in 20day past hatch post-larval Black Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) to modern use insecticides, imidacloprid, bifenthin, and fipronil was measured as decreased survival and feeding inhibition. Post-larval phase shrimp were sensitive to fipronil, bifenthrin, and imidacloprid, in that order, at concentrations that were comparable to those that cause mortality other crustaceans. Bifenthrin and imidacloprid exposure reduced the ability of post-larval shrimp to capture live prey at environmentally realistic concentrations. Concentrations of a broad suite of pesticides were also measured in shrimp farm intake waters. Some pesticides were detected in every sample. Most of the pesticides detected were measured below concentrations that are toxic to post-larval shrimp as used in this study, although pesticides exceed guideline values, suggesting the possibility of indirect or mixture-related impacts. However, at two study sites, the concentrations of insecticides were sufficient to cause toxicity in shrimp post larvae, based on the risk assessment undertaken in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Hook
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia.
| | - Hai Doan
- CSIRO Land and Water, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | | | - Dean Musson
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Jun Du
- CSIRO Land and Water, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Rai Kookana
- CSIRO Land and Water, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | | | - Anu Kumar
- CSIRO Land and Water, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
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Ågerstrand M, Brenig M, Führ M, Schenten J. Refining tools to bridge the gap between academia and chemical regulation: perspectives for WikiREACH. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1466-1473. [PMID: 29205242 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00422b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory hazard and risk assessments of chemical substances have to include all reliable and relevant data to be credible and complete. However, screening the literature for appropriate studies and extracting data is burdensome. Therefore, reducing impediments by making data easily and readily accessible to risk assessors could result in more comprehensive hazard and risk assessments. In this paper, we study WikiPharma, a database that aggregates ecotoxicity data for pharmaceuticals, extracted from peer-reviewed studies. The use of the WikiPharma database is explored to develop strategies on how similar tools can bridge between science and policy by providing risk assessors with easily accessible summary data. Specifically, adapting the concept of WikiPharma to industrial chemicals regulated under the REACH regulation is discussed. Experiences with WikiPharma show that there is interest in using peer-reviewed studies in regulatory decision-making. However, tools like WikiPharma require constant updates. Hence, as for "WikiREACH", effective incentives are needed to motivate researchers to feed in relevant data for regulatory assessments. Besides, support by automated processes can aid in the labour-intensive activity of gathering data. To ensure that such a tool is continuously maintained and compatible with the regulatory system, and thereby useful for hazard and risk assessments of chemicals, it would benefit from being developed in collaboration with the major stakeholders in the field, i.e. regulatory agencies, academia, industry, scientific journals, and providers of research network platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Ågerstrand
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Tüzün N, Stoks R. Carry-Over Effects Across Metamorphosis of a Pesticide on Female Lifetime Fitness Strongly Depend on Egg Hatching Phenology: A Longitudinal Study under Seminatural Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13949-13956. [PMID: 29112811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Current ecological risk assessment of pesticides fails to protect aquatic biodiversity. For the first time, we tested two potential reasons for this failure with regard to carry-over effects across metamorphosis: their dependence on hatching period, and the lack of studies quantifying adult fitness under seminatural conditions. Using the damselfly Coenagrion puella sampled from six populations, we designed an outdoor longitudinal one-year study starting from the egg stage. We exposed the aquatic larvae to the pesticide esfenvalerate (0.11 μg/L) during the initial microcosm part. Next, we monitored the lifetime fitness of the terrestrial adults in an insectary. Exposure to the pesticide negatively impacted not only larval traits, but also drastically reduced lifetime mating success of adult females. The impact of this postmetamorphic effect of the pesticide on the population level was three times more important than the effects in the larval stage. Importantly, this carry-over effect was only present in females that hatched early in the season, and was not mediated by metamorphic traits (age and mass at emergence). We provide proof-of-principle under seminatural conditions for two potential pitfalls that need to be considered when improving risk assessment: carry-over effects on adult fitness can (i) be much more important than effects during the larval stage and may not be captured by metamorphic traits, and (ii) be strongly modulated by egg hatching dates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedim Tüzün
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven , Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven , Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Kern JK, Geier DA, Deth RC, Sykes LK, Hooker BS, Love JM, Bjørklund G, Chaigneau CG, Haley BE, Geier MR. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Systematic Assessment of Research on Autism Spectrum Disorder and Mercury Reveals Conflicts of Interest and the Need for Transparency in Autism Research. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2017; 23:1689-1690. [PMID: 26507205 PMCID: PMC5705728 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-015-9713-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet K. Kern
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., 14 Redgate Court, Silver Spring, MD 20905 USA
| | - David A. Geier
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., 14 Redgate Court, Silver Spring, MD 20905 USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway
| | | | | | - Mark R. Geier
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., 14 Redgate Court, Silver Spring, MD 20905 USA
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Kern JK, Geier DA, Deth RC, Sykes LK, Hooker BS, Love JM, Bjørklund G, Chaigneau CG, Haley BE, Geier MR. Systematic Assessment of Research on Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Mercury Reveals Conflicts of Interest and the Need for Transparency in Autism Research. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2017; 23:1691-1718. [PMID: 29119411 PMCID: PMC5705731 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-017-9983-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Historically, entities with a vested interest in a product that critics have suggested is harmful have consistently used research to back their claims that the product is safe. Prominent examples are: tobacco, lead, bisphenol A, and atrazine. Research literature indicates that about 80-90% of studies with industry affiliation found no harm from the product, while only about 10-20% of studies without industry affiliation found no harm. In parallel to other historical debates, recent studies examining a possible relationship between mercury (Hg) exposure and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show a similar dichotomy. Studies sponsored and supported by industry or entities with an apparent conflict of interest have most often shown no evidence of harm or no "consistent" evidence of harm, while studies without such affiliations report positive evidence of a Hg/autism association. The potentially causal relationship between Hg exposure and ASD differs from other toxic products since there is a broad coalition of entities for whom a conflict of interest arises. These include influential governmental public health entities, the pharmaceutical industry, and even the coal burning industry. This review includes a systematic literature search of original studies on the potential relationship between Hg and ASD from 1999 to August 2015, finding that of the studies with public health and/or industry affiliation, 86% reported no relationship between Hg and ASD. However, among studies without public health and/or industry affiliation, only 21% find no relationship between Hg and ASD. The discrepancy in these results suggests a bias indicative of a conflict of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet K. Kern
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc, 14 Redgate Court, Silver Spring, MD 20905 USA
| | - David A. Geier
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc, 14 Redgate Court, Silver Spring, MD 20905 USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway
| | | | | | - Mark R. Geier
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc, 14 Redgate Court, Silver Spring, MD 20905 USA
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Ågerstrand M, Sobek A, Lilja K, Linderoth M, Wendt-Rasch L, Wernersson AS, Rudén C. An academic researcher's guide to increased impact on regulatory assessment of chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:644-655. [PMID: 28452384 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00075h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between academic research and regulatory assessment of chemicals may in theory seem straightforward: researchers perform studies, and these studies are used by regulators for decision-making. However, in practice the situation is more complex, and many factors decide a research study's regulatory use. According to several EU chemical legislations, all available and relevant studies can be used in hazard and risk assessment of chemicals. However, in practice, standard tests conducted under GLP and sponsored and provided by industry are predominantly used. Peer-reviewed studies from independent sources are often disregarded or disputed since they often do not comply with regulatory data requirements and quality criteria. To help bridge such a gap, the aim of this paper is to give an overview of the general workings of legislation of chemicals and propose a set of actions to increase the usability of research data. In the end, this may increase the use of academic research for decision-making and ultimately result in more science-based policies. From a policy perspective, useful scientific evidence comprises those studies that are sufficiently reliable and relevant. This is not in contradiction to the aims of research and generally accepted scientific standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Ågerstrand
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Rohr JR, Salice CJ, Nisbet RM. The pros and cons of ecological risk assessment based on data from different levels of biological organization. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:756-84. [PMID: 27340745 PMCID: PMC5141515 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1190685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ecological risk assessment (ERA) is the process used to evaluate the safety of manufactured chemicals to the environment. Here we review the pros and cons of ERA across levels of biological organization, including suborganismal (e.g., biomarkers), individual, population, community, ecosystem and landscapes levels. Our review revealed that level of biological organization is often related negatively with ease at assessing cause-effect relationships, ease of high-throughput screening of large numbers of chemicals (it is especially easier for suborganismal endpoints), and uncertainty of the ERA because low levels of biological organization tend to have a large distance between their measurement (what is quantified) and assessment endpoints (what is to be protected). In contrast, level of biological organization is often related positively with sensitivity to important negative and positive feedbacks and context dependencies within biological systems, and ease at capturing recovery from adverse contaminant effects. Some endpoints did not show obvious trends across levels of biological organization, such as the use of vertebrate animals in chemical testing and ease at screening large numbers of species, and other factors lacked sufficient data across levels of biological organization, such as repeatability, variability, cost per study and cost per species of effects assessment, the latter of which might be a more defensible way to compare costs of ERAs than cost per study. To compensate for weaknesses of ERA at any particular level of biological organization, we also review mathematical modeling approaches commonly used to extrapolate effects across levels of organization. Finally, we provide recommendations for next generation ERA, submitting that if there is an ideal level of biological organization to conduct ERA, it will only emerge if ERA is approached simultaneously from the bottom of biological organization up as well as from the top down, all while employing mathematical modeling approaches where possible to enhance ERA. Because top-down ERA is unconventional, we also offer some suggestions for how it might be implemented efficaciously. We hope this review helps researchers in the field of ERA fill key information gaps and helps risk assessors identify the best levels of biological organization to conduct ERAs with differing goals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roger M. Nisbet
- University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620
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van der Sluijs JP, Vaage NS. Pollinators and Global Food Security: the Need for Holistic Global Stewardship. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s41055-016-0003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ågerstrand M, Berg C, Björlenius B, Breitholtz M, Brunström B, Fick J, Gunnarsson L, Larsson DGJ, Sumpter JP, Tysklind M, Rudén C. Improving environmental risk assessment of human pharmaceuticals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:5336-45. [PMID: 25844810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents 10 recommendations for improving the European Medicines Agency's guidance for environmental risk assessment of human pharmaceutical products. The recommendations are based on up-to-date, available science in combination with experiences from other chemical frameworks such as the REACH-legislation for industrial chemicals. The recommendations concern: expanding the scope of the current guideline; requirements to assess the risk for development of antibiotic resistance; jointly performed assessments; refinement of the test proposal; mixture toxicity assessments on active pharmaceutical ingredients with similar modes of action; use of all available ecotoxicity studies; mandatory reviews; increased transparency; inclusion of emission data from production; and a risk management option. We believe that implementation of our recommendations would strengthen the protection of the environment and be beneficial to society. Legislation and guidance documents need to be updated at regular intervals in order to incorporate new knowledge from the scientific community. This is particularly important for regulatory documents concerning pharmaceuticals in the environment since this is a research field that has been growing substantially in the last decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Ågerstrand
- †Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Berg
- ‡Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-752 36, Sweden
| | - Berndt Björlenius
- §Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Magnus Breitholtz
- †Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Björn Brunström
- ‡Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-752 36, Sweden
| | - Jerker Fick
- ∥Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Lina Gunnarsson
- ⊥Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg SE-405 30, Sweden
- #Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - D G Joakim Larsson
- ⊥Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - John P Sumpter
- ∇Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Mats Tysklind
- ∥Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Christina Rudén
- †Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
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Picone C. Effects of Aquatic Herbicides and Housing Density on Abundance of Pond-Breeding Frogs. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2015. [DOI: 10.1656/045.022.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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