1
|
Křížová L, Křešťáková V, Dadáková K, Kašparovský T. Production of Bovine Equol-Enriched Milk: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:735. [PMID: 33800327 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Milk and dairy products contain many substances beneficial to human health; moreover, the contents of some of these substances can be enhanced. This is also the case of isoflavones which are compounds of plant origin that can be ingested and metabolized by cattle and, subsequently, secreted into bovine milk. An especially healthful substance called equol is ranked among isoflavone metabolites, commonly produced in the digestive tract of cattle. Equol content in milk can be modified by using feedstuffs with different contents of isoflavones or by milk processing and storage. Abstract Milk and dairy products are important sources of nutrients in the human diet because they contain a number of essential substances and other biologically active components. Many of these substances can be modified, and thus offer opportunities to use milk and dairy products as functional food. Isoflavones are particularly important in human nutrition due to their diverse pharmacological and antioxidant properties. The clinical effectiveness of isoflavone-rich products is believed to be dependent on their ability to metabolize daidzein to equol, which may directly exert cancer preventive effects. However, only approximately 30–40% of humans are able to produce equol, while animals, in general, produce equol. Equol is the predominant product of bacterial metabolism of isoflavones and can be found in various amounts in some food of animal origin, especially in milk. Therefore, milk and dairy products can be considered to be sources of equol for humans who are not able to produce this metabolite. When the content of isoflavones in milk is to be modified, two groups of factors should be considered, i.e., dietary factors that include the source of isoflavones and the processing effects on feedstuffs and animal factors that include the intake of isoflavones, ruminal and postruminal changes, and the health and physiological status of animals. The approximate content of isoflavones in milk can be predicted using carry-over rates for different dietary sources or using a formula that describes the relationship between equol concentration in milk and formononetin intake. Processing and storage can affect the content and profile of isoflavones in milk and dairy products.
Collapse
|
2
|
Mei Y, Wei L, Tan M, Wang C, Zou L, Chen J, Cai Z, Yin S, Zhang F, Shan C, Liu X. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the major constituents in Spatholobi Caulis by UFLC-Triple TOF-MS/MS and UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113803. [PMID: 33317912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There have been few comprehensive studies on the holistic chemical composition of Spatholobi Caulis (SC) and consequently, the information is lacking for the in-depth study of the major constituents. SC is a kind of widely used traditional Chinese medicine with its xylem and phloem alternately arranged in 3-10 rings, but the relationship of phloem ring number and the quality remains unclear. In this study, the characterization of the major constituents in SC was analyzed by ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole-time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-Triple TOF-MS/MS), and the content of 19 flavonoids in SC with different phloem ring numbers was simultaneously determined by ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole-linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS). Correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the quality of SC with different phloem ring numbers according to the content of 19 flavonoids. Results showed that 50 constituents in SC were identified and the fragmentation pathways of different types of compounds were preliminarily deduced by the fragmentation behavior of the 50 constituents. In addition, the content of flavonoids increased with phloem ring number, which demonstrated that the content of flavonoids in SC was positively correlated with the number of phloem rings. Our research will contribute to the variety identification and quality evaluation of SC, and provide a scientific basis for evaluating the quality of medicinal materials based on its appearance and characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Mei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Lifang Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Mengxia Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Chengcheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Lisi Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Jiali Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Zhichen Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Shengxin Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Furong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Chenxiao Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Xunhong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
da Silva LF, Lanças FM. β‐Cyclodextrin coupled to graphene oxide supported on aminopropyl silica as a sorbent material for determination of isoflavones. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:4347-4355. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe da Silva
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos University of São Paulo São Carlos São Paulo Brazil
| | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos University of São Paulo São Carlos São Paulo Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stergiadis S, Nørskov NP, Purup S, Givens I, Lee MRF. Comparative Nutrient Profiling of Retail Goat and Cow Milk. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2282. [PMID: 31554167 PMCID: PMC6835441 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Goat milk is globally consumed but nutritional profiling at retail level is scarce. This study compared the nutrient composition of retail cow and goat milk (basic solids, fatty acids, minerals, and phytoestrogens) throughout the year and quantified the potential implications on the consumers' nutrient intakes. When compared to cow milk, goat milk demonstrated nutritionally desirable traits, such as lower concentrations of C12:0, C14:0, C16:0 and Na: K ratio, and the higher concentrations of cis polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), isoflavones, B, Cu, Mg, Mn, P and I, although the latter may be less desirable in cases of high milk intakes. However, in contrast with nutritional targets, it had lower concentrations of omega-3 PUFA, vaccenic acid, lignans, Ca, S and Zn. The extent of these differences was strongly influenced by season and may demonstrate a combination of differences on intrinsic species metabolism, and farm breeding/husbandry practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sokratis Stergiadis
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Reading, Agriculture Building, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, UK.
| | - Natalja P Nørskov
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, Blichers Alle 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Stig Purup
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, Blichers Alle 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Ian Givens
- Institute for Food Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Agriculture Building, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, UK.
| | - Michael R F Lee
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon EX20 2SB, UK.
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Somerset BS40 5DU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Trnková A, Šancová K, Zapletalová M, Kašparovská J, Dadáková K, Křížová L, Lochman J, Hadrová S, Ihnatová I, Kašparovský T. Determination of in vitro isoflavone degradation in rumen fluid. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:5134-5144. [PMID: 29550126 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the degradation of dietary isoflavones in rumen fluid under 2 feeding regimens. The experiments were performed in vitro using a rumen fluid buffer system. The rumen fluid was taken from cows fed either a hay diet or a concentrate-rich diet (the diet consisted of 34.6% maize silage, 17.6% haylage, 12.8% alfalfa hay, and 35.0% supplemental mixture on a dry matter basis). As a source of isoflavones, 40% soybean extract (Biomedica, Prague, Czech Republic) at levels of 5, 25, 50, and 75 mg per 40 mL of rumen fluid was used. Samples of soybean extract were incubated in triplicate at 39°C for 0, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0, and 24.0 h in incubation solution. The metabolism of daidzein and genistein was faster under concentrate-rich diet conditions. In general, production of equol started after 3 to 6 h of incubation and reached the highest rate after approximately 12 h of incubation regardless of the type of diet or concentration of extract. In most of the experiments, production of equol continued after 24 h of incubation. Generally, equol production was greater under the hay diet conditions. Furthermore, experiments with higher amounts of added soybean extract revealed possible inhibitory effects of high levels of isoflavones on the rumen microflora.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Trnková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Šancová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Zapletalová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Kašparovská
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Dadáková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Křížová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lochman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sylvie Hadrová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Ihnatová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kašparovský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Daems F, Romnee JM, Rasse C, Froidmont É, Lognay G. Optimized Quantitative Method for Determining Isoflavones and Equol in Bovine Digestive Fluids and Feces. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1283507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Daems
- Department of Valorisation of Agricultural Products, Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Romnee
- Department of Valorisation of Agricultural Products, Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Catherine Rasse
- SMCS-IMMAQ, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Éric Froidmont
- Department of Products and Sectors, Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Georges Lognay
- Agro-Bio Chem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kašparovská J, Dadáková K, Lochman J, Hadrová S, Křížová L, Kašparovský T. Changes in equol and major soybean isoflavone contents during processing and storage of yogurts made from control or isoflavone-enriched bovine milk determined using LC-MS (TOF) analysis. Food Chem 2017; 222:67-73. [PMID: 28041561 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The effect of supplementing a basal diet for dairy cows with "Soybean extract 40" (Biomedica, Prague, Czech Republic), containing 40% soybean isoflavones, on the contents of daidzein, glycitein, genistein, and equol in milk as well as fresh and mature yogurts was estimated. To determine the contents of these isoflavonoids, an efficient analytical LC-MS (TOF) technique was used. The "Soybean extract 40" used in our study contained an especially high proportion of daidzein (307gkg-1). In both milk and yogurt samples, the amounts of daidzein and its metabolite equol were significantly higher in samples obtained from cows that received the isoflavone extract-supplemented diet than from those that received the basal diet, as the precursor daidzein contributed to the increased equol concentrations. Fermentation caused significant changes in the daidzein and glycitein concentrations. With maturation, the concentrations of daidzein and equol were unaffected, while the glycitein concentration decreased significantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Lochman
- Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sylvie Hadrová
- Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kasparovska J, Pecinkova M, Dadakova K, Krizova L, Hadrova S, Lexa M, Lochman J, Kasparovsky T. Effects of Isoflavone-Enriched Feed on the Rumen Microbiota in Dairy Cows. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154642. [PMID: 27124615 PMCID: PMC4849651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we compared the effects of two diets containing different isoflavone concentrations on the isoflavone transfer from feed into milk and on the rumen microbiota in lactating dairy cows. The on-farm experiment was conducted on twelve lactating Czech Fleckvieh x Holstein cows divided into two groups, each with similar mean milk yield. Twice daily, cows were individually fed a diet based on maize silage, meadow hay and supplemental mixture. Control group (CTRL) received the basal diet while the experimental group (EXP) received the basal diet supplemented with 40% soybean isoflavone extract. The average daily isoflavone intake in the EXP group (16 g/day) was twice as high as that in the CTRL group (8.4 g/day, P<0.001). Total isoflavone concentrations in milk from the CTRL and EXP groups were 96.89 and 276.07 μg/L, respectively (P<0.001). Equol concentrations in milk increased from 77.78 μg/L in the CTRL group to 186.30 μg/L in the EXP group (P<0.001). The V3-4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA genes was used for metagenomic analysis of the rumen microbiome. The experimental cows exhibited fewer OTUs at a distance level of 0.03 compared to control cows (P<0.05) and reduced microbial richness compared to control cows based on the calculated Inverse Simpson and Shannon indices. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis showed that the major contributor to separation between the experimental and control groups were changes in the representation of bacteria belonging to the phyla Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Planctomycetes. Surprisingly, a statistically significant positive correlation was found only between isoflavones and the phyla Burkholderiales (r = 0.65, P<0.05) and unclassified Betaproteobacteria (r = 0.58, P<0.05). Previous mouse and human studies of isoflavone effects on the composition of gastrointestinal microbial populations generally report similar findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Kasparovska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Pecinkova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Dadakova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Krizova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sylvie Hadrova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Matej Lexa
- Department of Information Technologies, Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lochman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kasparovsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|