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Lu C, Hao SD, Ha PZ, Huang LB, Dai LZ, Wang JW, Wang L, Zhang ZY, Ren ZG, Wang JZ. A multiplex direct PCR method for the rapid and accurate discrimination of three species of spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in fruit orchards in Beijing. Exp Appl Acarol 2024; 92:403-421. [PMID: 38489086 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00900-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) are polyphagous pests of economic importance in agriculture, among which the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch has spread widely worldwide as an invasive species, posing a serious threat to fruit tree production in China, including Beijing. The hawthorn spider mite, Amphitetranychus viennensis Zacher, is also a worldwide pest of fruit trees and woody ornamental plants. The cassava mite, Tetranychus truncatus Ehara, is mainly found in Asian countries, including China, Korea and Japan, and mainly affects fruit trees and agricultural crops. These three species of spider mites are widespread and serious fruit tree pests in Beijing. Rapid and accurate identification of spider mites is essential for effective pest and plant quarantine in Beijing orchard fields. The identification of spider mite species is difficult due to their limited morphological characteristics. Although the identification of insect and mite species based on PCR and real-time polymerase chain reaction TaqMan is becoming increasingly common, DNA extraction is difficult, expensive and time-consuming due to the minute size of spider mites. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish a direct multiplex PCR method for the simultaneous identification of three common species of spider mites in orchards, A. viennensis, T. truncatus and T. urticae, to provide technical support for the differentiation of spider mite species and phytosanitary measures in orchards in Beijing. Based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) of the two-spotted spider mite and the cassava mite and the 18S gene sequence of the hawthorn spider mite as the amplification target, three pairs of specific primers were designed, and the primer concentrations were optimized to establish a direct multiplex PCR system for the rapid and accurate discrimination of the three spider mites without the need for DNA extraction and purification. The method showed a high sensitivity of 0.047 ng for T. truncatus and T. urticae DNA and 0.0002 ng for A. viennensis. This method eliminates the DNA extraction and sequencing procedures of spider mite samples, offers a possibility for rapid monitoring of multiple spider mites in an integrated microarray laboratory system, reducing the time and cost of leaf mite identification and quarantine monitoring in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Lu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, North China, China
| | - Shao-Dong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, North China, China
| | - Pa-Zi Ha
- Agriculture Promotion Center of Qinghe County, Xinjiang, 836200, China
| | - Li-Bin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, North China, China
| | - Li-Zhen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, North China, China
| | - Jian-Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, North China, China
| | - Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, North China, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, North China, China
| | - Zheng-Guang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, North China, China
| | - Jin-Zhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, North China, China.
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Al-Jawabreh A, Ereqat S, Al-Jawabreh H, Dumaidi K, Nasereddin A. Genetic diversity and haplotype analysis of Leishmania tropica identified in sand fly vectors of the genera Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia using next-generation sequencing technology. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1351-1360. [PMID: 37036520 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07835-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to investigate the genetic diversity of Leishmania tropica in the sand fly vector, targeting the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) of the genus Leishmania. Bioinformatics analyses were conducted using Galaxy, MEGA version X, DnaSP ver. 6.12.03, and PopART 1.7 software for NGS analysis, phylogenetic tree, genetic diversity, and haplotype networking, respectively. A total of 307 engorged sand flies were trapped, with an overall Leishmania infection rate of 9.4 (29/307) and 6.8% by NGS and ITS1-PCR, respectively. Two Leishmania-infected sand fly genera were identified: Phlebotomus (10.2%, 26/254) and Sergentomyia (5.7% (3/53). The phylogenetic tree showed two clusters, cluster I included the four study sequences along with 25 GenBank-retrieved DNA sequences. Cluster II consisted of three sequences from Iran and Pakistan. The genetic diversity analysis for the 29 L. tropica sequences showed high haplotype (gene) diversity index (Hd) (0.62 ± 0.07) but low nucleotide diversity index (π) (0.04 ± 0.01). Tajima's D, a neutrality test, is more negative in cluster I (D = - 2.0) than in total population (D = - 1.83), but both are equally significant (P < 0.001), indicating that observed variation in cluster I and whole population is less frequent than expected. The median-joining haplotype network produced a total of 11 active haplotypes. In conclusion, L. tropica from sand flies in Palestine is monophyletic that assembled in one main phylogroup and one haplotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Al-Jawabreh
- Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine
- Leishmaniases Research Unit-Jericho, Jericho, Palestine
| | - Suheir Ereqat
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Abu Deis, East Jerusalem, Palestine.
| | - Hanan Al-Jawabreh
- Leishmaniases Research Unit-Jericho, Jericho, Palestine
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Abu Deis, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | | | - Abedelmajeed Nasereddin
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Abu Deis, East Jerusalem, Palestine
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De Silva NL, De Silva VNH, Deerasinghe ATH, Rathnapala UL, Itoh M, Takagi H, Weerasooriya MV, Kato H, Yahathugoda TC. Development of a Highly Sensitive Nested PCR and Its Application for the Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka. Microorganisms 2022; 10:990. [PMID: 35630433 PMCID: PMC9145043 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent surge in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Sri Lanka has rendered clinical diagnosis difficult; thus, laboratory confirmation is indispensable. A modified (two novel inner primers to detect CL caused by Leishmania donovani) nested Internal Transcribed Spacer-1 (ITS1) PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) method was developed and tested. The sensitivity of the modified nested PCR was tested using serial dilutions (103 to 10−2) of the DNA extract of a cultured L. donovani DD8 strain. Patients (n = 194) from Southern Sri Lanka were examined clinically, microscopically (Slit Skin Smear-SSS) and using the modified nested PCR. The modified nested PCR detected 2.55 fg of parasite DNA compared to ITS1 PCR (25 fg) and detected more cases than SSS (94.3% vs. 77.3%; p < 0.01). The RFLP pattern was L. donovani in all cases. The modified nested PCR performed well in clinically doubtful lesions (95% by PCR vs. 60% by SSS; p < 0.01), ulcerated nodules (91% vs. 71.8%; p < 0.01) and plaques (100% vs. 66.7%; p < 0.01). SSS demonstrated sensitivity (80.9%), specificity (81.8%), PPV (98.7%) and NPV (20.5%) against modified PCR. Low parasite loads and atypical lesions can be diagnosed by the proposed method with higher accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmitha Lalindi De Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle 80000, Sri Lanka; (N.L.D.S.); (M.V.W.); (T.C.Y.)
| | | | | | | | - Makoto Itoh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; (M.I.); (H.T.)
| | - Hidekazu Takagi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; (M.I.); (H.T.)
| | | | - Hirotomo Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Thishan Channa Yahathugoda
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle 80000, Sri Lanka; (N.L.D.S.); (M.V.W.); (T.C.Y.)
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Elaagip A, Ahmed A, Wilson MD, Boakye DA, Abdel Hamid MM. Studies of host preferences of wild-caught Phlebotomus orientalis and Ph. papatasi vectors of leishmaniasis in Sudan. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236253. [PMID: 32692759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Understanding the feeding behavior and host choice of sand flies provides valuable information on vector-host relationships and elucidates the epidemiological patterns of leishmaniasis transmission. Blood meal analysis studies are essential for estimating the efficiency of pathogen transmission, assessing the relative human disease risk, and assist in identifying the other potential hosts of leishmaniasis. In Sudan and most of East Africa, there are large remaining gaps in knowledge regarding the feeding habits of phlebotomine vectors. The study aimed to identify the blood meal sources and, therefore, the host preferences of the principal vectors Phlebotomus orientalis and Ph. papatasi in leishmaniasis endemic areas of eastern and central Sudan. Materials and methods Sand flies were collected from two endemic villages in eastern and central Sudan using CDC light traps and sticky traps. The phlebotomine sand flies were morphologically and then molecularly identified. The source of blood meal of the engorged females was determined using a multiplex PCR methodology and specific primers of cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial DNA for human, goat, cow, and dog. The detection of the Leishmania parasite was done using PCR. Results The total number of collected female phlebotomine sand flies was 180. Morphological identification revealed the abundance of Ph. orientalis 103 (57.2%), Ph. papatasi 42 (23.3%), Ph. bergeroti 31 (17.2%), Ph. rodhaini 2 (1.1%) and Ph. duboscqi 2 (1.1%) in the study sites. Out of the 180 collected, 31 (17%) were blood-fed flies. Three species were blood-fed and molecularly identified: Ph. papatasi (N = 7, 22.6%), Ph. bergeroti (N = 9, 26%), and Ph. orientalis (N = 15, 48.4%). Blood meal analysis revealed human DNA in two Ph. orientalis (6.4%), hence, the anthropophilic index was 13.3%. Conclusions Multiplex PCR protocol described here allowed the identification of blood meal sources of many vertebrate species simultaneously. The results indicate that wild-caught Ph. orientalis are anthropophilic in the study areas. Further studies on larger blood-fed sample size are required to validate the potential applications of this technique in designing, monitoring and evaluating control programs, particularly in investigating the potential non-human hosts of leishmaniasis.
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Fotakis EA, Giantsis IA, Castells Sierra J, Tanti F, Balaska S, Mavridis K, Kourtidis S, Vontas J, Chaskopoulou A. Population dynamics, pathogen detection and insecticide resistance of mosquito and sand fly in refugee camps, Greece. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:30. [PMID: 32183909 PMCID: PMC7079361 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-0635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As of 2015 thousands of refugees are being hosted in temporary refugee camps in Greece. Displaced populations, travelling and living under poor conditions with limited access to healthcare are at a high risk of exposure to vector borne disease (VBD). This study sought to evaluate the risk for VBD transmission within refugee camps in Greece by analyzing the mosquito and sand fly populations present, in light of designing effective and efficient context specific vector and disease control programs. METHODS A vector/pathogen surveillance network targeting mosquitoes and sand flies was deployed in four temporary refugee camps in Greece. Sample collections were conducted bi-weekly during June-September 2017 with the use of Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps and oviposition traps. Using conventional and molecular diagnostic tools we investigated the mosquito/sand fly species composition, population dynamics, pathogen infection rates, and insecticide resistance status in the major vector species. RESULTS Important disease vectors including Anopheles sacharovi, Culex pipiens, Aedes albopictus and the Leishmania vectors Phlebotomus neglectus, P. perfiliewi and P. tobbi were recorded in the study refugee camps. No mosquito pathogens (Plasmodium parasites, flaviviruses) were detected in the analysed samples yet high sand fly Leishmania infection rates are reported. Culex pipiens mosquitoes displayed relatively high knock down resistance (kdr) mutation allelic frequencies (ranging from 41.0 to 63.3%) while kdr mutations were also detected in Ae. albopictus populations, but not in Anopheles and sand fly specimens. No diflubenzuron (DFB) mutations were detected in any of the mosquito species analysed. CONCLUSIONS Important disease vectors and pathogens in vectors (Leishmania spp.) were recorded in the refugee camps indicating a situational risk factor for disease transmission. The Cx. pipiens and Ae. albopictus kdr mutation frequencies recorded pose a potential threat against the effectiveness of pyrethroid insecticides in these settings. In contrast, pyrethroids appear suitable for the control of Anopheles mosquitoes and sand flies and DFB for Cx. pipiens and Ae. albopictus larvicide applications. Targeted actions ensuring adequate living conditions and the establishment of integrated vector-borne disease surveillance programs in refugee settlements are essential for protecting refugee populations against VBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Alexandros Fotakis
- Department of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Lab, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece. .,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | | | | | - Filianna Tanti
- Department of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Lab, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Balaska
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Sofoklis Kourtidis
- General Directorate of Public Health and Social Welfare, Region of Central Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - John Vontas
- Department of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Lab, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Fotakis EA, Giantsis IA, Avgerinou A, Kourtidis S, Agathaggelidou E, Kapoula C, Dadakou G, Vontas J, Chaskopoulou A. Identification of Leishmania Species in Naturally Infected Sand Flies from Refugee Camps, Greece. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:361-364. [PMID: 30346269 PMCID: PMC6346468 DOI: 10.3201/eid2502.181359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
High infection rates of Leishmania donovani and L. tropica were detected in Phlebotomus spp. sand flies collected from refugee camps in Greece, indicating increased risk of infection among local populations. Detection and treatment of leishmaniasis, community education, and vector control are essential measures to prevent pathogen transmission and protect public health.
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