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Sills ES, Harrity C, Wood SH. Five-Year Assessment of Multiple Gene Variants Associated with Bone Marrow Hypocellularity, Reduced Bone Density, and Ovarian Insufficiency in Adolescence. J Bone Metab 2022; 29:271-277. [PMID: 36529870 PMCID: PMC9760775 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2022.29.4.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study covers the 5-year interval prior to COVID-19 admission for an otherwise healthy 46,XX adolescent expanding the developmental characterization of an unusual convergence of amenorrhea and genetic mutations. The patient experienced rapid collapse of endogenous estradiol output followed by secondary amenorrhea at 13 years of age. Euploid, diffusely hypocellular bone marrow was present on biopsy, although anemia or reduced total immunoglobulin production was not identified. Bone density was 1.5 years below mean; multiple dental anomalies were also documented. While alterations in "master regulator" genes RUNX2, SALL1, and SAMD9 are usually diagnosed in early childhood when missed milestones, dysmorphic features, or chronic infection/immune impairment warrant cross-disciplinary evaluation, this study is the first known report to associate ovarian failure with adolescence with such variants. Immunoglobulin patterns, osseous histomorphology, dentition, hematology/renal screening, pelvic anatomy, ovarian reserve data, and thyroid findings are also correlated. Although severe pathology is typically encountered when any of these genes are disrupted alone, this longitudinal survey reveals that a mild phenotype can prevail if these 3 variants occur simultaneously. Periodic monitoring is planned given the unclassified status of this unique mutation set.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Scott Sills
- Plasma Research Section, FertiGen Center for Advanced Genetics/Regenerative Biology Group, San Clemente, CA,
USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Palomar Medical Center, Escondido, CA,
USA
| | - Conor Harrity
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beaumont Hospital, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin,
Ireland
| | - Samuel H. Wood
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Palomar Medical Center, Escondido, CA,
USA,Gen 5 Fertility Center, San Diego, CA,
USA
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Pavlopoulos GA, Malliarakis D, Papanikolaou N, Theodosiou T, Enright AJ, Iliopoulos I. Visualizing genome and systems biology: technologies, tools, implementation techniques and trends, past, present and future. Gigascience 2015; 4:38. [PMID: 26309733 PMCID: PMC4548842 DOI: 10.1186/s13742-015-0077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
"Α picture is worth a thousand words." This widely used adage sums up in a few words the notion that a successful visual representation of a concept should enable easy and rapid absorption of large amounts of information. Although, in general, the notion of capturing complex ideas using images is very appealing, would 1000 words be enough to describe the unknown in a research field such as the life sciences? Life sciences is one of the biggest generators of enormous datasets, mainly as a result of recent and rapid technological advances; their complexity can make these datasets incomprehensible without effective visualization methods. Here we discuss the past, present and future of genomic and systems biology visualization. We briefly comment on many visualization and analysis tools and the purposes that they serve. We focus on the latest libraries and programming languages that enable more effective, efficient and faster approaches for visualizing biological concepts, and also comment on the future human-computer interaction trends that would enable for enhancing visualization further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios A Pavlopoulos
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology Laboratory, Division of Basic Sciences, University of Crete, Medical School, 70013 Heraklion, Crete Greece
| | | | - Nikolas Papanikolaou
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology Laboratory, Division of Basic Sciences, University of Crete, Medical School, 70013 Heraklion, Crete Greece
| | - Theodosis Theodosiou
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology Laboratory, Division of Basic Sciences, University of Crete, Medical School, 70013 Heraklion, Crete Greece
| | - Anton J Enright
- EMBL - European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SD UK
| | - Ioannis Iliopoulos
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology Laboratory, Division of Basic Sciences, University of Crete, Medical School, 70013 Heraklion, Crete Greece
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Juan L, Liu Y, Wang Y, Teng M, Zang T, Wang Y. Family genome browser: visualizing genomes with pedigree information. Bioinformatics 2015; 31:2262-8. [PMID: 25788626 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btv151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Families with inherited diseases are widely used in Mendelian/complex disease studies. Owing to the advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies, family genome sequencing becomes more and more prevalent. Visualizing family genomes can greatly facilitate human genetics studies and personalized medicine. However, due to the complex genetic relationships and high similarities among genomes of consanguineous family members, family genomes are difficult to be visualized in traditional genome visualization framework. How to visualize the family genome variants and their functions with integrated pedigree information remains a critical challenge. RESULTS We developed the Family Genome Browser (FGB) to provide comprehensive analysis and visualization for family genomes. The FGB can visualize family genomes in both individual level and variant level effectively, through integrating genome data with pedigree information. Family genome analysis, including determination of parental origin of the variants, detection of de novo mutations, identification of potential recombination events and identical-by-decent segments, etc., can be performed flexibly. Diverse annotations for the family genome variants, such as dbSNP memberships, linkage disequilibriums, genes, variant effects, potential phenotypes, etc., are illustrated as well. Moreover, the FGB can automatically search de novo mutations and compound heterozygous variants for a selected individual, and guide investigators to find high-risk genes with flexible navigation options. These features enable users to investigate and understand family genomes intuitively and systematically. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The FGB is available at http://mlg.hit.edu.cn/FGB/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liran Juan
- Center for Bioinformatics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Yongzhuang Liu
- Center for Bioinformatics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Yongtian Wang
- Center for Bioinformatics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Mingxiang Teng
- Center for Bioinformatics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Tianyi Zang
- Center for Bioinformatics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Center for Bioinformatics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
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Juan L, Teng M, Zang T, Hao Y, Wang Z, Yan C, Liu Y, Li J, Zhang T, Wang Y. The personal genome browser: visualizing functions of genetic variants. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:W192-7. [PMID: 24799434 PMCID: PMC4086072 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies have brought us into the individual genome era. Projects such as the 1000 Genomes Project have led the individual genome sequencing to become more and more popular. How to visualize, analyse and annotate individual genomes with knowledge bases to support genome studies and personalized healthcare is still a big challenge. The Personal Genome Browser (PGB) is developed to provide comprehensive functional annotation and visualization for individual genomes based on the genetic-molecular-phenotypic model. Investigators can easily view individual genetic variants, such as single nucleotide variants (SNVs), INDELs and structural variations (SVs), as well as genomic features and phenotypes associated to the individual genetic variants. The PGB especially highlights potential functional variants using the PGB built-in method or SIFT/PolyPhen2 scores. Moreover, the functional risks of genes could be evaluated by scanning individual genetic variants on the whole genome, a chromosome, or a cytoband based on functional implications of the variants. Investigators can then navigate to high risk genes on the scanned individual genome. The PGB accepts Variant Call Format (VCF) and Genetic Variation Format (GVF) files as the input. The functional annotation of input individual genome variants can be visualized in real time by well-defined symbols and shapes. The PGB is available at http://www.pgbrowser.org/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liran Juan
- Center for Bioinformatics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Mingxiang Teng
- Center for Bioinformatics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Tianyi Zang
- Center for Bioinformatics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Yafeng Hao
- Center for Bioinformatics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- Center for Bioinformatics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Chengwu Yan
- Center for Bioinformatics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Yongzhuang Liu
- Center for Bioinformatics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Jie Li
- Center for Bioinformatics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Tianjiao Zhang
- Center for Bioinformatics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Center for Bioinformatics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
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Richardson SR, Salvador-Palomeque C, Faulkner GJ. Diversity through duplication: whole-genome sequencing reveals novel gene retrocopies in the human population. Bioessays 2014; 36:475-81. [PMID: 24615986 PMCID: PMC4314676 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gene retrocopies are generated by reverse transcription and genomic integration of mRNA. As such, retrocopies present an important exception to the central dogma of molecular biology, and have substantially impacted the functional landscape of the metazoan genome. While an estimated 8,000–17,000 retrocopies exist in the human genome reference sequence, the extent of variation between individuals in terms of retrocopy content has remained largely unexplored. Three recent studies by Abyzov et al., Ewing et al. and Schrider et al. have exploited 1,000 Genomes Project Consortium data, as well as other sources of whole-genome sequencing data, to uncover novel gene retrocopies. Here, we compare the methods and results of these three studies, highlight the impact of retrocopies in human diversity and genome evolution, and speculate on the potential for somatic gene retrocopies to impact cancer etiology and genetic diversity among individual neurons in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R Richardson
- Cancer Biology Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Abstract
The immunoglobulin (IG) loci consist of repeated and highly homologous sets of genes of different types, variable (V), diversity (D) and junction (J), that rearrange in developing B cells to produce an individual's highly variable repertoire of expressed antibodies, designed to bind to a vast array of pathogens. This repeated structure makes these loci susceptible to a high frequency of insertion and deletion events through evolutionary time, and also makes them difficult to characterize at the genomic level or assay with high-throughput techniques. Given the central role of antibodies in the adaptive immune system, it is not surprising that early candidate gene approaches showed that germline polymorphisms in these regions correlated with susceptibility to both infectious and autoimmune diseases. However, more recent studies, particularly those using high-throughput genome-wide arrays, have failed to implicate these loci in disease. In this review of the IG heavy chain variable gene cluster (IGHV), we examine how poorly we understand the distribution of haplotype variation in this genomic region, and we argue that this lack of information may mask candidate loci in the IGHV gene cluster as causative factors for infectious and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Watson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
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Hong D, Park SS, Ju YS, Kim S, Shin JY, Kim S, Yu SB, Lee WC, Lee S, Park H, Kim JI, Seo JS. TIARA: a database for accurate analysis of multiple personal genomes based on cross-technology. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:D883-8. [PMID: 21051338 PMCID: PMC3013693 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput genomic technologies have been used to explore personal human genomes for the past few years. Although the integration of technologies is important for high-accuracy detection of personal genomic variations, no databases have been prepared to systematically archive genomes and to facilitate the comparison of personal genomic data sets prepared using a variety of experimental platforms. We describe here the Total Integrated Archive of Short-Read and Array (TIARA; http://tiara.gmi.ac.kr) database, which contains personal genomic information obtained from next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques and ultra-high-resolution comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) arrays. This database improves the accuracy of detecting personal genomic variations, such as SNPs, short indels and structural variants (SVs). At present, 36 individual genomes have been archived and may be displayed in the database. TIARA supports a user-friendly genome browser, which retrieves read-depths (RDs) and log2 ratios from NGS and CGH arrays, respectively. In addition, this database provides information on all genomic variants and the raw data, including short reads and feature-level CGH data, through anonymous file transfer protocol. More personal genomes will be archived as more individuals are analyzed by NGS or CGH array. TIARA provides a new approach to the accurate interpretation of personal genomes for genome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwan Hong
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank R Bowler
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, Edinburgh, UK
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Abstract
Although genome-wide association (GWA) studies for common variants have thus far succeeded in explaining only a modest fraction of the genetic components of human common diseases, recent advances in next-generation sequencing technologies could rapidly facilitate substantial progress. This outcome is expected if much of the missing genetic control is due to gene variants that are too rare to be picked up by GWA studies and have relatively large effects on risk. Here, we evaluate the evidence for an important role of rare gene variants of major effect in common diseases and outline discovery strategies for their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Cirulli
- Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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Kim WY, Kim SY, Kim TH, Ahn SM, Byun HN, Kim D, Kim DS, Lee YS, Ghang H, Park D, Kim BC, Kim C, Lee S, Kim SJ, Bhak J. Gevab: a prototype genome variation analysis browsing server. BMC Bioinformatics 2009; 10 Suppl 15:S3. [PMID: 19958513 PMCID: PMC2788354 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-10-s15-s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The first Korean individual diploid genome sequence data (KOREF) was publicized in December 2008. Results A Korean genome variation analysis and browsing server (Gevab) was constructed as a database and web server for the exploration and downloading of Korean personal genome(s). Information in the Gevab includes SNPs, short indels, and structural variation (SV) and comparison analysis between the NCBI human reference and the Korean genome(s). The user can find information on assembled consensus sequences, sequenced short reads, genetic variations, and relationships between genotype and phenotypes. Conclusion This server is openly and publicly available online at http://koreagenome.org/en/ or directly http://gevab.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Yeon Kim
- Korean BioInformation Center (KOBIC), KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea.
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