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de Koning ME, Hof JJ, Jansen C, Doorduijn JK, Bromberg JEC, van der Meulen M. Primary central nervous system lymphoma. J Neurol 2024; 271:2906-2913. [PMID: 38112784 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12143-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) manifesting in the brain, spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid and/or eyes, in the absence of systemic manifestations. With an increasing incidence and a 30% 5-year overall survival if promptly treated, timely diagnosis and subsequent treatment is paramount. The typical MRI appearance for PCNSL is a solitary or multiple T2-hypointense, homogeneous gadolinium-enhancing lesion with restricted diffusion. Dexamethasone treatment might compromise and delay the diagnosis. Hallmark of treatment is induction with intravenous high-dose methotrexate consisting polychemotherapy followed by consolidation treatment. Consolidation treatment consists of either whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) or autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Given the (cognitive) side effects of WBRT, ASCT is increasingly being used as the first choice of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrthe E de Koning
- Department of Neurology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Jurrit J Hof
- Department of Radiology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Casper Jansen
- Laboratory of Pathology Eastern Netherlands, Hengelo, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanette K Doorduijn
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacoline E C Bromberg
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Lauer EM, Riegler E, Mutter JA, Alig SK, Bleul S, Kuehn J, Ranganathan L, Klingler C, Demerath T, Würtemberger U, Rau A, Weiß J, Eisenblaetter M, Bamberg F, Prinz M, Finke J, Duyster J, Illerhaus G, Diehn M, Alizadeh AA, Schorb E, Reinacher PC, Scherer F. Improved early outcome prediction by MRI-based 3D tumor volume assessment in patients with CNS lymphomas. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:374-386. [PMID: 37713267 PMCID: PMC10836777 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system lymphomas (CNSL) display remarkable clinical heterogeneity, yet accurate prediction of outcomes remains challenging. The IPCG criteria are widely used in routine practice for the assessment of treatment response. However, the value of the IPCG criteria for ultimate outcome prediction is largely unclear, mainly due to the uncertainty in delineating complete from partial responses during and after treatment. METHODS We explored various MRI features including semi-automated 3D tumor volume measurements at different disease milestones and their association with survival in 93 CNSL patients undergoing curative-intent treatment. RESULTS At diagnosis, patients with more than 3 lymphoma lesions, periventricular involvement, and high 3D tumor volumes showed significantly unfavorable PFS and OS. At first interim MRI during treatment, the IPCG criteria failed to discriminate outcomes in responding patients. Therefore, we randomized these patients into training and validation cohorts to investigate whether 3D tumor volumetry could improve outcome prediction. We identified a 3D tumor volume reduction of ≥97% as the optimal threshold for risk stratification (=3D early response, 3D_ER). Applied to the validation cohort, patients achieving 3D_ER had significantly superior outcomes. In multivariate analyses, 3D_ER was independently prognostic of PFS and OS. Finally, we leveraged prognostic information from 3D MRI features and circulating biomarkers to build a composite metric that further improved outcome prediction in CNSL. CONCLUSIONS We developed semi-automated 3D tumor volume measurements as strong and independent early predictors of clinical outcomes in CNSL patients. These radiologic features could help improve risk stratification and help guide future treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza M Lauer
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ella Riegler
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jurik A Mutter
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Divisions of Oncology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Sabine Bleul
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Kuehn
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lavanya Ranganathan
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Klingler
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Theo Demerath
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Urs Würtemberger
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Rau
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Radiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Weiß
- Department of Radiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michel Eisenblaetter
- Department of Radiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Bamberg
- Department of Radiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Finke
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Justus Duyster
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerald Illerhaus
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Palliative Care, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maximilian Diehn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ash A Alizadeh
- Divisions of Oncology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elisabeth Schorb
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter C Reinacher
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology (ILT), Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian Scherer
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Cite Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Onishi S, Yamasaki F, Amatya VJ, Takayasu T, Yonezawa U, Taguchi A, Ozono I, Khairunnisa NI, Takeshima Y, Horie N. Residual diffusion-weighted imaging hyperintense signal in primary central nervous system lymphoma can predict early recurrence. J Neurooncol 2023; 165:171-179. [PMID: 37831389 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-023-04473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment response of primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSLs) is mainly evaluated using postcontrast T1-weighted imaging (T1WI). Because poorly enhanced lesions may contain residual tumors, the combination of evaluation methods will potentially improve the accuracy of determining treatment effectiveness. In this study, we evaluated the usefulness of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in predicting recurrence among patients with PCNSL who achieved complete response (CR)/unconfirmed CR (CRu). METHODS Fifty-four patients newly diagnosed with PCNSL who were treated at our institution and achieved CR/CRu at the end of treatment were included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of residual DWI hyperintense signal at the tumor site at the end of treatment. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to analyze the median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS The mean age of the 54 patients was 66.4 ± 13.3 years. The induction therapies were HD-MTX in 20 patients, R-MPV in 29 patients, and other chemotherapies in five patients. Radiotherapy was performed in 35 patients, high-dose cytarabine therapy in 14 patients, and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in one patient, and of the 54 patients, 10 had no consolidation therapy. The residual DWI hyperintense signal sign was observed in 18 patients. The R-MPV regimen was statistically associated with a lower rate of residual DWI hyperintense signal (p = 0.0453). The median PFS was statistically shorter in the residual DWI hyperintense signal group than in the non-residual DWI hyperintense signal group (14.0 months vs. 85.1 months) (p < 0.0001, log-rank test). CONCLUSION A residual DWI hyperintense signal at the end of treatment was statistically associated with shorter PFS. Among patients who achieved CR/CRu evaluated based on postcontrast T1WI, DWI could be a valuable additional sequence to predict the early recurrence of PCNSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumpei Onishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Yamasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Vishwa Jeet Amatya
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takayasu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Ushio Yonezawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Akira Taguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Iori Ozono
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Novita Ikbar Khairunnisa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yukio Takeshima
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Horie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
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Cornell I, Al Busaidi A, Wastling S, Anjari M, Cwynarski K, Fox CP, Martinez-Calle N, Poynton E, Maynard J, Thust SC. Early MRI Predictors of Relapse in Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Treated with MATRix Immunochemotherapy. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1182. [PMID: 37511795 PMCID: PMC10381964 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13071182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma (PCNSL) is a highly malignant brain tumour. We investigated dynamic changes in tumour volume and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements for predicting outcome following treatment with MATRix chemotherapy in PCNSL. Patients treated with MATRix (n = 38) underwent T1 contrast-enhanced (T1CE) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) before treatment, after two cycles and after four cycles of chemotherapy. Response was assessed using the International PCNSL Collaborative Group (IPCG) imaging criteria. ADC histogram parameters and T1CE tumour volumes were compared among response groups, using one-way ANOVA testing. Logistic regression was performed to examine those imaging parameters predictive of response. Response after two cycles of chemotherapy differed from response after four cycles; of the six patients with progressive disease (PD) after four cycles of treatment, two (33%) had demonstrated a partial response (PR) or complete response (CR) after two cycles. ADCmean at baseline, T1CE at baseline and T1CE percentage volume change differed between response groups (0.005 < p < 0.038) and were predictive of MATRix treatment response (area under the curve: 0.672-0.854). Baseline ADC and T1CE metrics are potential biomarkers for risk stratification of PCNSL patients early during remission induction therapy with MATRix. Standard interim response assessment (after two cycles) according to IPCG imaging criteria does not reliably predict early disease progression in the context of a conventional treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cornell
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Department of Brain Rehabilitation and Repair, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ayisha Al Busaidi
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Neuroradiology Department, Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Stephen Wastling
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Department of Brain Rehabilitation and Repair, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Mustafa Anjari
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Department of Brain Rehabilitation and Repair, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Radiology Department, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Kate Cwynarski
- Haematology Department, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London NW1 2BU, UK
| | - Christopher P Fox
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | | | - Edward Poynton
- Haematology Department, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London NW1 2BU, UK
| | - John Maynard
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Department of Brain Rehabilitation and Repair, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Steffi C Thust
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Department of Brain Rehabilitation and Repair, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Precision Imaging Beacon, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Neuroradiology Department, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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Bromberg J, Doorduijn J. Is there a future for maintenance temozolomide chemotherapy in PCNSL? Neuro Oncol 2023; 25:699-700. [PMID: 36655502 PMCID: PMC10076937 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacoline E C Bromberg
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanette K Doorduijn
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Morales-Martinez A, Nichelli L, Hernandez-Verdin I, Houillier C, Alentorn A, Hoang-Xuan K. Prognostic factors in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Curr Opin Oncol 2022; 34:676-684. [PMID: 36093869 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare and aggressive extranodal diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Despite its apparent immunopathological homogeneity, PCNSL displays a wide variability in outcome. Identifying prognostic factors is of importance for patient stratification and clinical decision-making. The purpose of this review is to focus on the clinical, neuroradiological and biological variables correlated with the prognosis at the time of diagnosis in immunocompetent patients. RECENT FINDINGS Age and performance status remain the most consistent clinical prognostic factors. The current literature suggests that neurocognitive dysfunction is an independent predictor of poor outcome. Cumulating data support the prognostic value of increased interleukin-10 level in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), in addition to its interest as a diagnostic biomarker. Advances in neuroimaging and in omics have identified several semi-quantitative radiological features (apparent diffusion restriction measures, dynamic contrast-enhanced perfusion MRI (pMRI) pattern and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose metabolism) and molecular genetic alterations with prognostic impact in PCNSL. SUMMARY Validation of new biologic and neuroimaging markers in prospective studies is required before integrating future prognostic scoring systems. In the era of radiomic, large clinicoradiological and molecular databases are needed to develop multimodal artificial intelligence algorithms for the prediction of accurate outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Nichelli
- APHP, Sorbonne Université, IHU, ICM, Service de Neuroradiologie, Groupe Hospitalier Salpêtrière
| | - Isaias Hernandez-Verdin
- Laboratoire de Génétique et developpement des tumeurs cérébrales, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, ICM Institut du cerveau, Paris, France
| | | | - Agustí Alentorn
- APHP, Sorbonne Université, IHU, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin
- Laboratoire de Génétique et developpement des tumeurs cérébrales, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, ICM Institut du cerveau, Paris, France
| | - Khê Hoang-Xuan
- APHP, Sorbonne Université, IHU, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin
- Laboratoire de Génétique et developpement des tumeurs cérébrales, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, ICM Institut du cerveau, Paris, France
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Rozenblum L, Houillier C, Soussain C, Bertaux M, Choquet S, Galanaud D, Hoang-xuan K, Kas A. Role of Positron Emission Tomography in Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4071. [PMID: 36077613 PMCID: PMC9454946 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare but highly aggressive lymphoma with increasing incidence in immunocompetent patients. To date, the only established biomarkers for survival are age and functional status. Currently, the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) criteria of the International Collaborative Group on Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma are the only ones recommended for follow-up. However, early occurrence of recurrence after treatment in patients with a complete response on MRI raises the question of its performance in assessing residual disease. While the use of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose body positron emission tomography for identification of systemic disease has been established and can be pivotal in patient treatment decisions, the role of brain PET scan is less clear. Here we review the potential role of PET in the management of patients with PCNSL, both at diagnosis and for follow-up under treatment. Abstract The incidence of primary central nervous system lymphoma has increased over the past two decades in immunocompetent patients and the prognosis remains poor. A diagnosis and complete evaluation of the patient is needed without delay, but histologic evaluation is not always available and PCNSL can mimic a variety of brain lesions on MRI. In this article, we review the potential role of 18F-FDG PET for the diagnosis of PCNSL in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Its contribution to systemic assessment at the time of diagnosis has been well established by expert societies over the past decade. In addition, 18F-FDG provides valuable information for differential diagnosis and outcome prediction. The literature also shows the potential role of 18F-FDG as a therapeutic evaluation tool during the treatment and the end of the treatment. Finally, we present several new radiotracers that may have a potential role in the management of PCNSL in the future.
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Shao L, Xu C, Wu H, Jamal M, Pan S, Li S, Chen F, Yu D, Liu K, Wei Y. Recent Progress on Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma-From Bench to Bedside. Front Oncol 2021; 11:689843. [PMID: 34485125 PMCID: PMC8416460 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.689843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare subtype of extra-nodal lymphoma. The high relapse rate of PCNSL remains a major challenge to the hematologists, even though patients exhibit high sensitivity to the methotrexate-based chemotherapeutic regimens. Recently, the advent of Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi) and CAR T treatment has made more treatment options available to a proportion of patients. However, whether BTKi monotherapy should be given alone or in combination with conventional chemotherapy is still a clinical question. The status of CAR T therapy for PCNSLs also needs to be elucidated. In this review, we summarized the latest progress on the epidemiology, pathology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, and treatment options for PCNSLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shao
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengshi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huijing Wu
- Department of Lymphoma Medicine, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Jamal
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Pan
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sirui Li
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ding Yu
- Department of Lymphoma Medicine, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongchang Wei
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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