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Müller AT, Nakamura Y, Reichelt M, Luck K, Cosio E, Lackus ND, Gershenzon J, Mithöfer A, Köllner TG. Biosynthesis, herbivore induction, and defensive role of phenylacetaldoxime glucoside. Plant Physiol 2023; 194:329-346. [PMID: 37584327 PMCID: PMC10756763 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Aldoximes are well-known metabolic precursors for plant defense compounds such as cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, and volatile nitriles. They are also defenses themselves produced in response to herbivory; however, it is unclear whether aldoximes can be stored over a longer term as defense compounds and how plants protect themselves against the potential autotoxic effects of aldoximes. Here, we show that the Neotropical myrmecophyte tococa (Tococa quadrialata, recently renamed Miconia microphysca) accumulates phenylacetaldoxime glucoside (PAOx-Glc) in response to leaf herbivory. Sequence comparison, transcriptomic analysis, and heterologous expression revealed that 2 cytochrome P450 enzymes, CYP79A206 and CYP79A207, and the UDP-glucosyltransferase UGT85A123 are involved in the formation of PAOx-Glc in tococa. Another P450, CYP71E76, was shown to convert PAOx to the volatile defense compound benzyl cyanide. The formation of PAOx-Glc and PAOx in leaves is a very local response to herbivory but does not appear to be regulated by jasmonic acid signaling. In contrast to PAOx, which was only detectable during herbivory, PAOx-Glc levels remained high for at least 3 d after insect feeding. This, together with the fact that gut protein extracts of 3 insect herbivore species exhibited hydrolytic activity toward PAOx-Glc, suggests that the glucoside is a stable storage form of a defense compound that may provide rapid protection against future herbivory. Moreover, the finding that herbivory or pathogen elicitor treatment also led to the accumulation of PAOx-Glc in 3 other phylogenetically distant plant species suggests that the formation and storage of aldoxime glucosides may represent a widespread plant defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Müller
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Institute for Nature Earth and Energy (INTE-PUCP), San Miguel 15088, Lima, Peru
| | - Yoko Nakamura
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Natural Product Research, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Luck
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Eric Cosio
- Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Institute for Nature Earth and Energy (INTE-PUCP), San Miguel 15088, Lima, Peru
| | - Nathalie D Lackus
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Natural Product Research, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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Kotera Y, Komori H, Tasaki K, Takagi K, Imano S, Katou S. The Peroxisomal β-Oxidative Pathway and Benzyl Alcohol O-Benzoyltransferase HSR201 Cooperatively Contribute to the Biosynthesis of Salicylic Acid. Plant Cell Physiol 2023:pcad034. [PMID: 37098219 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) regulates plant defense responses against pathogens. Previous studies have suggested that SA is mainly produced from trans-cinnamic acid (CA) in tobacco, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. SA synthesis is activated by wounding in tobacco plants in which the expression of WIPK and SIPK, two mitogen-activated protein kinases, is suppressed. Using this phenomenon, we previously revealed that HSR201 encoding benzyl alcohol O-benzoyltransferase is required for pathogen signal-induced SA synthesis. In this study, we further analyzed the transcriptomes of wounded WIPK/SIPK-suppressed plants and found that the expression of NtCNL, NtCHD and NtKAT1, homologous to cinnamate-coenzyme A (CoA) ligase (CNL), cinnamoyl-CoA hydratase/dehydrogenase (CHD) and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (KAT), respectively, is associated with SA biosynthesis. CNL, CHD and KAT constitute a β-oxidative pathway in the peroxisomes and produce benzoyl-CoA, a precursor of benzenoid compounds in petunia flowers. Subcellular localization analysis showed that NtCNL, NtCHD and NtKAT1 localize in the peroxisomes. Recombinant NtCNL catalyzed the formation of CoA esters of CA, whereas recombinant NtCHD and NtKAT1 proteins converted cinnamoyl-CoA to benzoyl-CoA, a substrate of HSR201. Virus-induced gene silencing of any one of NtCNL, NtCHD and NtKAT1 homologs compromised SA accumulation induced by a pathogen-derived elicitor in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Transient overexpression of NtCNL in N. benthamiana leaves resulted in SA accumulation, which was enhanced by co-expression of HSR201, although overexpression of HSR201 alone did not cause SA accumulation. These results suggested that the peroxisomal β-oxidative pathway and HSR201 cooperatively contribute to SA biosynthesis in tobacco and N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kotera
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa 8304, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Komori
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa 8304, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tasaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa 8304, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Kumiko Takagi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa 8304, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Sayaka Imano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa 8304, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Shinpei Katou
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa 8304, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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Wang YJ, Huang JP, Tian T, Yan Y, Chen Y, Yang J, Chen J, Gu YC, Huang SX. Discovery and Engineering of the Cocaine Biosynthetic Pathway. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22000-22007. [PMID: 36376019 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine, the archetypal tropane alkaloid from the plant genus Erythroxylum, has recently been used clinically as a topical anesthesia of the mucous membranes. Despite this, the key biosynthetic step of the requisite tropane skeleton (methylecgonone) from the identified intermediate 4-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-3-oxobutanoic acid (MPOA) has remained, until this point, unknown. Herein, we identify two missing enzymes (EnCYP81AN15 and EnMT4) necessary for the biosynthesis of the tropane skeleton in cocaine by transient expression of the candidate genes in Nicotiana benthamiana. Cytochrome P450 EnCYP81AN15 was observed to selectively mediate the oxidative cyclization of S-MPOA to yield the unstable intermediate ecgonone, which was then methylated to form optically active methylecgonone by methyltransferase EnMT4 in Erythroxylum novogranatense. The establishment of this pathway corrects the long-standing (but incorrect) biosynthetic hypothesis of MPOA methylation first and oxidative cyclization second. Notably, the de novo reconstruction of cocaine was realized in N. benthamiana with the two newly identified genes, as well as four already known ones. This study not only reports a near-complete biosynthetic pathway of cocaine and provides new insights into the metabolic networks of tropane alkaloids (cocaine and hyoscyamine) in plants but also enables the heterologous synthesis of tropane alkaloids in other (micro)organisms, entailing significant implications for pharmaceutical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian-Ping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.,State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Tian Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yijun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K
| | - Sheng-Xiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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Ahmad M, Varela Alonso A, Koletti AE, Rodić N, Reichelt M, Rödel P, Assimopoulou AN, Paun O, Declerck S, Schneider C, Molin EM. Dynamics of alkannin/shikonin biosynthesis in response to jasmonate and salicylic acid in Lithospermum officinale. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17093. [PMID: 36224205 PMCID: PMC9554848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21322-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkannin/shikonin and their derivatives are specialised metabolites of high pharmaceutical and ecological importance exclusively produced in the periderm of members of the plant family Boraginaceae. Previous studies have shown that their biosynthesis is induced in response to methyl jasmonate but not salicylic acid, two phytohormones that play important roles in plant defence. However, mechanistic understanding of induction and non-induction remains largely unknown. In the present study, we generated the first comprehensive transcriptomic dataset and metabolite profiles of Lithospermum officinale plants treated with methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid to shed light on the underlying mechanisms. Our results highlight the diverse biological processes activated by both phytohormones and reveal the important regulatory role of the mevalonate pathway in alkannin/shikonin biosynthesis in L. officinale. Furthermore, by modelling a coexpression network, we uncovered structural and novel regulatory candidate genes connected to alkannin/shikonin biosynthesis. Besides providing new mechanistic insights into alkannin/shikonin biosynthesis, the generated methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid elicited expression profiles together with the coexpression networks serve as important functional genomic resources for the scientific community aiming at deepening the understanding of alkannin/shikonin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ahmad
- grid.4332.60000 0000 9799 7097Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alicia Varela Alonso
- grid.506382.aInstitut für Pflanzenkultur GmbH & Co. KG., Schnega, Germany ,grid.7942.80000 0001 2294 713XEarth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Antigoni E. Koletti
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence (NatPro-AUTh), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Nebojša Rodić
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence (NatPro-AUTh), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Michael Reichelt
- grid.418160.a0000 0004 0491 7131Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Rödel
- grid.506382.aInstitut für Pflanzenkultur GmbH & Co. KG., Schnega, Germany
| | - Andreana N. Assimopoulou
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence (NatPro-AUTh), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Ovidiu Paun
- grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- grid.7942.80000 0001 2294 713XEarth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Carolin Schneider
- grid.506382.aInstitut für Pflanzenkultur GmbH & Co. KG., Schnega, Germany
| | - Eva M. Molin
- grid.4332.60000 0000 9799 7097Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria
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Mashabela MD, Tugizimana F, Steenkamp PA, Piater LA, Dubery IA, Mhlongo MI. Untargeted metabolite profiling to elucidate rhizosphere and leaf metabolome changes of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) treated with the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria Paenibacillus alvei (T22) and Bacillus subtilis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:971836. [PMID: 36090115 PMCID: PMC9453603 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.971836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The rhizosphere is a highly complex and biochemically diverse environment that facilitates plant–microbe and microbe–microbe interactions, and this region is found between plant roots and the bulk soil. Several studies have reported plant root exudation and metabolite secretion by rhizosphere-inhabiting microbes, suggesting that these metabolites play a vital role in plant–microbe interactions. However, the biochemical constellation of the rhizosphere soil is yet to be fully elucidated and thus remains extremely elusive. In this regard, the effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)–plant interactions on the rhizosphere chemistry and above ground tissues are not fully understood. The current study applies an untargeted metabolomics approach to profile the rhizosphere exo-metabolome of wheat cultivars generated from seed inoculated (bio-primed) with Paenibacillus (T22) and Bacillus subtilis strains and to elucidate the effects of PGPR treatment on the metabolism of above-ground tissues. Chemometrics and molecular networking tools were used to process, mine and interpret the acquired mass spectrometry (MS) data. Global metabolome profiling of the rhizosphere soil of PGPR-bio-primed plants revealed differential accumulation of compounds from several classes of metabolites including phenylpropanoids, organic acids, lipids, organoheterocyclic compounds, and benzenoids. Of these, some have been reported to function in plant–microbe interactions, chemotaxis, biocontrol, and plant growth promotion. Metabolic perturbations associated with the primary and secondary metabolism were observed from the profiled leaf tissue of PGPR-bio-primed plants, suggesting a distal metabolic reprograming induced by PGPR seed bio-priming. These observations gave insights into the hypothetical framework which suggests that PGPR seed bio-priming can induce metabolic changes in plants leading to induced systemic response for adaptation to biotic and abiotic stress. Thus, this study contributes knowledge to ongoing efforts to decipher the rhizosphere metabolome and mechanistic nature of biochemical plant–microbe interactions, which could lead to metabolome engineering strategies for improved plant growth, priming for defense and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manamele D. Mashabela
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fidele Tugizimana
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- International Research and Development Division, Omnia Group, Ltd., Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paul A. Steenkamp
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lizelle A. Piater
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ian A. Dubery
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Msizi I. Mhlongo
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Msizi I. Mhlongo,
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Gordon H, Fellenberg C, Lackus ND, Archinuk F, Sproule A, Nakamura Y, K�llner TG, Gershenzon J, Overy DP, Constabel CP. CRISPR/Cas9 disruption of UGT71L1 in poplar connects salicinoid and salicylic acid metabolism and alters growth and morphology. Plant Cell 2022; 34:2925-2947. [PMID: 35532172 PMCID: PMC9338807 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Salicinoids are salicyl alcohol-containing phenolic glycosides with strong antiherbivore effects found only in poplars and willows. Their biosynthesis is poorly understood, but recently a UDP-dependent glycosyltransferase, UGT71L1, was shown to be required for salicinoid biosynthesis in poplar tissue cultures. UGT71L1 specifically glycosylates salicyl benzoate, a proposed salicinoid intermediate. Here, we analyzed transgenic CRISPR/Cas9-generated UGT71L1 knockout plants. Metabolomic analyses revealed substantial reductions in the major salicinoids, confirming the central role of the enzyme in salicinoid biosynthesis. Correspondingly, UGT71L1 knockouts were preferred to wild-type by white-marked tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma) larvae in bioassays. Greenhouse-grown knockout plants showed substantial growth alterations, with decreased internode length and smaller serrated leaves. Reinserting a functional UGT71L1 gene in a transgenic rescue experiment demonstrated that these effects were due only to the loss of UGT71L1. The knockouts contained elevated salicylate (SA) and jasmonate (JA) concentrations, and also had enhanced expression of SA- and JA-related genes. SA is predicted to be released by UGT71L1 disruption, if salicyl salicylate is a pathway intermediate and UGT71L1 substrate. This idea was supported by showing that salicyl salicylate can be glucosylated by recombinant UGT71L1, providing a potential link of salicinoid metabolism to SA and growth impacts. Connecting this pathway with growth could imply that salicinoids are under additional evolutionary constraints beyond selective pressure by herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harley Gordon
- Department of Biology, Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Christin Fellenberg
- Department of Biology, Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Nathalie D Lackus
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Finn Archinuk
- Department of Biology, Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Amanda Sproule
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Yoko Nakamura
- Department of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Tobias G K�llner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - David P Overy
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
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Ullah C, Schmidt A, Reichelt M, Tsai CJ, Gershenzon J. Lack of antagonism between salicylic acid and jasmonate signalling pathways in poplar. New Phytol 2022; 235:701-717. [PMID: 35489087 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) often play distinct roles in plant defence against pathogens. Research from Arabidopsis thaliana has established that SA- and JA-mediated defences are more effective against biotrophs and necrotrophs, respectively. These two hormones often interact antagonistically in response to particular attackers, with the induction of one leading to suppression of the other. Here, we report a contrasting pattern in the woody perennial Populus: positive SA-JA interplay. Using genetically engineered high SA lines of black poplar and wild-type lines after exogenous hormone application, we quantified SA and JA metabolites, signalling gene transcripts, antifungal flavonoids and resistance to rust (Melampsora larici-populina). Salicylic acid and JA metabolites were induced concurrently upon rust infection in poplar genotypes with varying resistance levels. Analysis of SA-hyperaccumulating transgenic poplar lines showed increased jasmonate levels, elevated flavonoid content and enhanced rust resistance, but no discernible reduction in growth. Exogenous application of either SA or JA triggered the accumulation of the other hormone. Expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, frequently used as markers for SA signalling, was not correlated with SA content, but rather activated in proportion to pathogen infection. We conclude that SA and JA pathways interact positively in poplar resulting in the accumulation of flavonoid phytoalexins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhana Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Chung-Jui Tsai
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
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Tinte MM, Masike K, Steenkamp PA, Huyser J, van der Hooft JJJ, Tugizimana F. Computational Metabolomics Tools Reveal Metabolic Reconfigurations Underlying the Effects of Biostimulant Seaweed Extracts on Maize Plants under Drought Stress Conditions. Metabolites 2022; 12:487. [PMID: 35736420 PMCID: PMC9231236 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses causing severe damage and losses in economically important crops worldwide. Drought decreases the plant water status, leading to a disruptive metabolic reprogramming that negatively affects plant growth and yield. Seaweed extract-based biostimulants show potential as a sustainable strategy for improved crop health and stress resilience. However, cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms governing the agronomically observed benefits of the seaweed extracts on plants are still poorly understood. In this study, a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics approach combined with computational metabolomics strategies was applied to unravel the molecular ‘stamps’ that define the effects of seaweed extracts on greenhouse-grown maize (Zea mays) under drought conditions. We applied mass spectral networking, substructure discovery, chemometrics, and metabolic pathway analyses to mine and interpret the generated mass spectral data. The results showed that the application of seaweed extracts induced alterations in the different pathways of primary and secondary metabolism, such as phenylpropanoid, flavonoid biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acids pathways. These metabolic changes involved increasing levels of phenylalanine, tryptophan, coumaroylquinic acid, and linolenic acid metabolites. These metabolic alterations are known to define some of the various biochemical and physiological events that lead to enhanced drought resistance traits. The latter include root growth, alleviation of oxidative stress, improved water, and nutrient uptake. Moreover, this study demonstrates the use of molecular networking in annotating maize metabolome. Furthermore, the results reveal that seaweed extract-based biostimulants induced a remodeling of maize metabolism, subsequently readjusting the plant towards stress alleviation, for example, by increasing the plant height and diameter through foliar application. Such insights add to ongoing efforts in elucidating the modes of action of biostimulants, such as seaweed extracts. Altogether, our study contributes to the fundamental scientific knowledge that is necessary for the development of a biostimulants industry aiming for a sustainable food security.
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Mostafa S, Wang Y, Zeng W, Jin B. Floral Scents and Fruit Aromas: Functions, Compositions, Biosynthesis, and Regulation. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:860157. [PMID: 35360336 PMCID: PMC8961363 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Floral scents and fruit aromas are crucial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in plants. They are used in defense mechanisms, along with mechanisms to attract pollinators and seed dispersers. In addition, they are economically important for the quality of crops, as well as quality in the perfume, cosmetics, food, drink, and pharmaceutical industries. Floral scents and fruit aromas share many volatile organic compounds in flowers and fruits. Volatile compounds are classified as terpenoids, phenylpropanoids/benzenoids, fatty acid derivatives, and amino acid derivatives. Many genes and transcription factors regulating the synthesis of volatiles have been discovered. In this review, we summarize recent progress in volatile function, composition, biosynthetic pathway, and metabolism regulation. We also discuss unresolved issues and research perspectives, providing insight into improvements and applications of plant VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Mostafa
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Department of Floriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yun Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Biao Jin
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Lee Díaz AS, Rizaludin MS, Zweers H, Raaijmakers JM, Garbeva P. Exploring the Volatiles Released from Roots of Wild and Domesticated Tomato Plants under Insect Attack. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051612. [PMID: 35268714 PMCID: PMC8911868 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plants produce volatile organic compounds that are important in communication and defense. While studies have largely focused on volatiles emitted from aboveground plant parts upon exposure to biotic or abiotic stresses, volatile emissions from roots upon aboveground stress are less studied. Here, we investigated if tomato plants under insect herbivore attack exhibited a different root volatilome than non-stressed plants, and whether this was influenced by the plant's genetic background. To this end, we analyzed one domesticated and one wild tomato species, i.e., Solanum lycopersicum cv Moneymaker and Solanum pimpinellifolium, respectively, exposed to leaf herbivory by the insect Spodoptera exigua. Root volatiles were trapped with two sorbent materials, HiSorb and PDMS, at 24 h after exposure to insect stress. Our results revealed that differences in root volatilome were species-, stress-, and material-dependent. Upon leaf herbivory, the domesticated and wild tomato species showed different root volatile profiles. The wild species presented the largest change in root volatile compounds with an overall reduction in monoterpene emission under stress. Similarly, the domesticated species presented a slight reduction in monoterpene emission and an increased production of fatty-acid-derived volatiles under stress. Volatile profiles differed between the two sorbent materials, and both were required to obtain a more comprehensive characterization of the root volatilome. Collectively, these results provide a strong basis to further unravel the impact of herbivory stress on systemic volatile emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Shein Lee Díaz
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (J.M.R.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.L.D.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Muhammad Syamsu Rizaludin
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (J.M.R.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.L.D.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Hans Zweers
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (J.M.R.); (P.G.)
| | - Jos M. Raaijmakers
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (J.M.R.); (P.G.)
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (J.M.R.); (P.G.)
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Bizzio LN, Tieman D, Munoz PR. Branched-Chain Volatiles in Fruit: A Molecular Perspective. Front Plant Sci 2022; 12:814138. [PMID: 35154212 PMCID: PMC8829073 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.814138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain volatiles (BCVs) constitute an important family of fruit volatile metabolites essential to the characteristic flavor and aroma profiles of many edible fruits. Yet in contrast to other groups of volatile organic compounds important to fruit flavor such as terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and oxylipins, the molecular biology underlying BCV biosynthesis remains poorly understood. This lack of knowledge is a barrier to efforts aimed at obtaining a more comprehensive understanding of fruit flavor and aroma and the biology underlying these complex phenomena. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding fruit BCV biosynthesis from the perspective of molecular biology. We survey the diversity of BCV compounds identified in edible fruits as well as explore various hypotheses concerning their biosynthesis. Insights from branched-chain precursor compound metabolism obtained from non-plant organisms and how they may apply to fruit BCV production are also considered, along with potential avenues for future research that might clarify unresolved questions regarding BCV metabolism in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo N. Bizzio
- Blueberry Breeding and Genomics Lab, Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Denise Tieman
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Patricio R. Munoz
- Blueberry Breeding and Genomics Lab, Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Koeduka T, Takarada S, Fujii K, Sugiyama A, Yazaki K, Nishihara M, Matsui K. Production of raspberry ketone by redirecting the metabolic flux to the phenylpropanoid pathway in tobacco plants. Metab Eng Commun 2021; 13:e00180. [PMID: 34386350 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2021.e00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Raspberry ketone is one of the characteristic flavors of raspberry fruits, and it is an important and expensive ingredient in the flavor and fragrance industries. It is present at low levels in plant tissues, and its occurrence is limited to a few taxa. In this context, the stable production of nature-identical raspberry ketone using heterologous synthesis in plants hosts has recently garnered the attention of plant biochemists. In this study, we demonstrate the rational switching of the metabolic flow from anthocyanin pigments to volatile phenylbutanoid production via the phenylpropanoid pathway. This shift led to the efficient and stable production of raspberry ketone and its glycosides via heterologous expression of the biosynthetic enzymes benzalacetone synthase (BAS) and raspberry ketone/zingerone synthase 1 (RZS1) in the transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum ‘Petit Havana SR-1’). Additionally, we achieved improved product titers by activating the phenylpropanoid pathway with the transcriptional factor, production of anthocyanin pigment 1 (PAP1), from Arabidopsis thaliana. We further demonstrated another metabolic-flow switching by RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of chalcone synthase (CHS) to increase pathway-intermediate p-coumaroyl-CoA in transgenic tobacco for raspberry-ketone production. The redirection of metabolic flux resulted in transgenic lines producing 0.45 μg/g of raspberry ketone and 4.5 μg/g, on the fresh weight basis, of its glycosides in the flowers. These results suggest that the intracellular enforcement of endogenous substrate supply is an important factor while engineering the phenylpropanoid pathway. This strategy might be useful for the production of other phenylpropanoids/polyketides that are produced via the pathway-intermediate p-coumaroyl-CoA, in tobacco plants. Overexpression of BAS and RZS1 enabled de novo production of raspberry ketone in transgenic tobacco. Intracellular enforcement of endogenous p-coumaroyl-CoA supply improved raspberry-ketone production. The metabolic flow switching can produce raspberry ketone and its glycosides with a titer of 0.45 and 4.5 μg/gFW, respectively.
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