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Bauer JM, Bharadwaj V, Brogonia H, Brugger M, Kerimbaev M, Liu JC, Mallows S, Prinz AA, Roesler S, Rokni SH, Sanami T, Santana-Leitner M, Sheppard J, Vincke H, Vollaire J. Benchmark Study of Induced Radioactivity at a High-Energy Electron Accelerator. NUCL TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/nt09-a9283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Bauer
- SLAC, M.S.48, 2725 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - V. Bharadwaj
- SLAC, M.S.48, 2725 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - H. Brogonia
- SLAC, M.S.48, 2725 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025
| | | | - M. Kerimbaev
- SLAC, M.S.48, 2725 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - J. C. Liu
- SLAC, M.S.48, 2725 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025
| | | | - A. A. Prinz
- SLAC, M.S.48, 2725 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025
| | | | - S. H. Rokni
- SLAC, M.S.48, 2725 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - T. Sanami
- SLAC, M.S.48, 2725 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025
| | | | - J. Sheppard
- SLAC, M.S.48, 2725 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - H. Vincke
- CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - J. Vollaire
- SLAC, M.S.48, 2725 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025
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Brugger M, Cennini P, Ferrari A, Lebbos E, Vlachoudis V. Activation Studies of the CERN n_TOF Target. NUCL TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/nt09-a9301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - E. Lebbos
- CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
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Abstract
Particle accelerators and their surroundings are locations of residual radioactivity production that is induced by the interaction of high-energy particles with matter. This paper gives an overview of the principles of activation caused at proton accelerators, which are the main machines operated at Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire. It describes the parameters defining radio-nuclide production caused by beam losses. The second part of the paper concentrates on the analytic calculation of activation and the Monte Carlo approach as it is implemented in the FLUKA code. Techniques used to obtain, on the one hand, estimates of radioactivity in Becquerel and, on the other hand, residual dose rates caused by the activated material are discussed. The last part of the paper focuses on experiments that allow for benchmarking FLUKA activation calculations and on simulations used to predict activation in and around high-energy proton machines. In that respect, the paper addresses the residual dose rate that will be induced by proton-proton collisions at an energy of two times 7 TeV in and around the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector. Besides activation of solid materials, the air activation expected in the CMS cavern caused by this beam operation is also discussed.
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Hedberg V, Morev M, Silari M, Zajacová Z. Activation of Liquid Argon in the ATLAS Calorimeter by High-Energy Hadrons. NUCL TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.13182/nt11-a11666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Hedberg
- CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
- Lund University, Box 117, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikhail Morev
- University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Engineering, Japan
| | | | - Zuzana Zajacová
- CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
- Slovak University of Technology, Ilkovičova 1, Bratislava, 81219 Slovakia
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Abstract
This study investigates the characteristics of induced radioactivity due to the operations of a 3-GeV electron accelerator at the Taiwan Photon Source (TPS). According to the beam loss analysis, the authors set two representative irradiation conditions for the activation analysis. The FLUKA Monte Carlo code has been used to predict the isotope inventories, residual activities, and remanent dose rates as a function of time. The calculation model itself is simple but conservative for the evaluation of induced radioactivity in a light source facility. This study highlights the importance of beam loss scenarios and demonstrates the great advantage of using FLUKA in comparing the predicted radioactivity with corresponding regulatory limits. The calculated results lead to the conclusion that, due to fairly low electron consumption, the radioactivity induced in the accelerator components and surrounding concrete walls of the TPS is rather moderate and manageable, while the possible activation of air and cooling water in the tunnel and their environmental releases are negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Sheu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Abstract
This article is an introduction to the Monte Carlo method as used in particle transport. After a description at an elementary level of the mathematical basis of the method, the Boltzmann equation and its physical meaning are presented, followed by Monte Carlo integration and random sampling, and by a general description of the main aspects and components of a typical Monte Carlo particle transport code. In particular, the most common biasing techniques are described, as well as the concepts of estimator and detector. After a discussion of the different types of errors, the issue of quality assurance is briefly considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fassò
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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Numajiri M. Evaluation of the radioactivity of the pre-dominant gamma emitters in components used at high-energy proton accelerator facilities. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2007; 123:417-25. [PMID: 17164270 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncl475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
At a high-energy, high-intensity proton accelerator facility, the accelerator components inside the beam-line tunnel and the concrete wall of the tunnel are activated due to beam loss during operation. During maintenance work inside the tunnel, radiation emitted from these activated materials can cause exposure to radiation workers. In this study, the relation between the surface dose rate of activated materials and the induced radioactivity was considered, and an evaluation of the major radioactivity using the surface dose rate was made. It has been revealed that (22)Na in Al samples and (54)Mn in Fe samples, (60)Co and (54)Mn in Fe samples, and (60)Co in Fe and Cu samples are principal residual radionuclides after a few hundred days of cooling about a few years of cooling and approximately 10 y of cooling, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Numajiri
- Radiation Science Center, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan.
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Brugger M, Khater H, Mayer S, Prinz A, Roesler S, Ulrici L, Vincke H. Benchmark studies of induced radioactivity produced in LHC materials, Part I: Specific activities. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2005; 116:6-11. [PMID: 16604585 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nci051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Samples of materials which will be used in the LHC machine for shielding and construction components were irradiated in the stray radiation field of the CERN-EU high-energy reference field facility. After irradiation, the specific activities induced in the various samples were analysed with a high-precision gamma spectrometer at various cooling times, allowing identification of isotopes with a wide range of half-lives. Furthermore, the irradiation experiment was simulated in detail with the FLUKA Monte Carlo code. A comparison of measured and calculated specific activities shows good agreement, supporting the use of FLUKA for estimating the level of induced activity in the LHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brugger
- CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
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Brugger M, Roesler S. Remanent dose rates around the collimators of the LHC beam cleaning insertions. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2005; 115:470-4. [PMID: 16381769 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nci053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The LHC will require an extremely powerful and unprecedented collimation system. As approximately 30% of the LHC beam is lost in the cleaning insertions, these will become some of the most radioactive locations around the entire LHC ring. Thus, remanent dose rates to be expected during later repair or maintenance interventions must be considered in the design phase itself. As a consequence, the beam cleaning insertions form a unique test bed for a recently developed approach to calculate remanent dose rates. A set of simulations, different in complexity, is used in order to evaluate methods for the estimation of remanent dose rates. The scope, as well as the restrictions, of the omega-factor method are shown and compared with the explicit simulation approach. The latter is then used to calculate remanent dose rates in the beam cleaning insertions. Furthermore, a detailed example for maintenance dose planning is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brugger
- CERN SC-RP, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.
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