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Banaee N, Goodarzi K, Nedaie HA. Neutron contamination in radiotherapy processes: a review study. J Radiat Res 2021:rrab076. [PMID: 34467374 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Using high-energy photon beams is one of the most practical methods in radiotherapy treatment of cases in deep site located tumors. In such treatments, neutron contamination induced through photoneutron interaction of high energy photons (>8 MeV) with high Z materials of LINAC structures is the most crucial issue which should be considered. Generated neutrons will affect shielding calculations and cause extra doses to the patient and the probability of increase induced secondary cancer risks. In this study, different parameters of neutron production in radiotherapy processes will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Banaee
- Medical Radiation Research Center, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1469669191, Iran
| | - Kiarash Goodarzi
- Department of Medical Radiation Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1469669191, Iran
| | - Hassan Ali Nedaie
- Radiation Oncology Research Centre, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
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Wang H, Chen K, Shi Y, Huang X, Sun W, Hou K, Jin Y, Jiang X, Yang D, Dong L. Technical Note: Induced radioactivity in stereotactic body radiation therapy with a flattening-filter-free 10 MV beam model. Med Phys 2021; 48:2010-2017. [PMID: 33524168 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The induced radioactivity in stereotactic body radiation therapy with a flattening-filter-free 10 MV beam model (10 FFF SBRT) was investigated for the risk to therapists. METHODS This study was performed on a Varian TrueBeam linac. The induced radioisotopes were identified by γ spectroscopy. The dose rate from the induced activity was measured for 12 treatment cycles in 4 h continuously. The impacts of the characteristic factors of 10 FFF SBRT on the dose rate were investigated, including monitor units (MU), beam rate, field size, and flattening filter. The dose rate was compared between the SBRT plans and conventional fractionation plans. A mathematical model was used to analyze the results and estimate the annual dose to therapists. RESULTS (a) The induced radioisotopes included 24 Na, 28 Al, 38 Cl, 56 Mn, 66 Cu, 187 W, and 196 Au. (b) In 4 h, the total dose contribution ratios were more than 70% for 28 Al, about 20% for 56 Mn, and 10% for all other long-lived radioisotopes, combining doses at the isocenter and end of the treatment couch. (c) The dose rate showed a nonlinear growth with increasing MU and beam rate. The variation of the dose rate was complicated with the jaw field and not sensitive to the MLC field. The removal of the flattening filter reduced the dose rate by about 40%. The dose level of SBRT was two to three times that of conventional fractionation. (d) The estimated annual dose to therapists was up to 0.20 mSv/y. CONCLUSIONS The induced radioactivity in 10 FFF SBRT was higher compared with that in 10 MV conventional fractionation. More MU and higher beam rate were the primary factors that caused the increase. The therapists should wait longer after beam-off to reduce the occupational dose. In addition, aluminum and manganese should be less used in the treatment room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kunzhi Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yinghua Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Wuji Sun
- College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kairan Hou
- College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongli Jin
- China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dong Yang
- College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lihua Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Makarevich K, Beyer R, Henniger J, Ma Y, Polter S, Sommer M, Teichmann T, Weinberger D, Kormoll T. Active Dosimetry with the Ability to Distinguish Pulsed and Non-Pulsed Dose Rate Contributions. EPJ Web Conf 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202125309001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the concept of an active dosimetry system and its operational regime for pulsed radiation dose rate measurements. The plastic scintillator is suggested to be used for absorbed dose rate measurements. As long as the detector can be considered tissue equivalent, the energy weighting of pile-up events in terms of the dose is achieved. The real-time distinction of pulsed and non-pulsed dose rate contributions is based on the time structure of a single interaction and requires only basic information about the beam time structure (pulses duration and period). The detector connected to a fully digital signal processing board creates an active dosimetry system with adjustable parameters. Such a system was used for absorbed dose rate measurements in pulsed photon field mimicking radiation field outside the bunker of a medical LINAC, but also in the presence of a constant radiation component. The results show a linear dependence of a pulsed radiation contribution on the accelerator current in the investigated range of the total dose rate up to 8 μGy/h.
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Makarevich K, Beyer R, Henniger J, Ma Y, Polter S, Sommer M, Teichmann T, Weinberger D, Kormoll T. DOSIMETRY WITH THE ABILITY TO DISTINGUISH PULSED AND NON-PULSED DOSE CONTRIBUTIONS. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2020; 190:437-445. [PMID: 32939542 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncaa120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The concept of an active dosimetry system for pulsed radiation dose rate measurements is presented. Real-time distinction of pulsed and non-pulsed radiation contributions is based on the time structure of a single interaction. A fast tissue equivalent plastic scintillator is exploited to minimize the pile-up effect influence on absorbed energy measurements. Being connected to a fully digital signal processing board, the detector creates an active dosimetry system with adjustable parameters. With this system, absorbed dose rate measurements were carried out in a photon field with a time structure mimicking a radiotherapeutic beam, but also in the presence of a constant radiation field. Measurements show a linear dependence of a pulsed radiation contribution on the accelerator current in the investigated range of the total dose rate up to 8 μGy h-1. While increasing the accelerator current by 1 μA, the pulsed radiation dose rate grows by (26.2 ± 0.9) nGy h-1 when considering pile-up events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystsina Makarevich
- Institute for Nuclear and Particle Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Roland Beyer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Henniger
- Institute for Nuclear and Particle Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yuzhen Ma
- Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sarah Polter
- Institute for Nuclear and Particle Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marian Sommer
- Institute for Nuclear and Particle Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Teichmann
- Institute for Nuclear and Particle Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - David Weinberger
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Serious Dynamics, 01139 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Kormoll
- Institute for Nuclear and Particle Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Serious Dynamics, 01139 Dresden, Germany
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Konefał A, Blamek S, Wrońska A, Orlef A, Sokół M, Tajstra M, Gąsior M. Radioactivity induced in new-generation cardiac implantable electronic devices during high-energy X-ray irradiation. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 163:109206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Nourmohammadi B, Mesbahi A. A REVIEW ON THE RADIATION THERAPY TECHNOLOGIST RECEIVED DOSE FROM INDUCED ACTIVATION IN HIGH-ENERGY MEDICAL LINEAR ACCELERATORS. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2018; 179:333-348. [PMID: 29309661 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncx292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite all advantages for using high-energy photons for radiotherapy, high-energy photon beams (≥10 MV) induce photonuclear and neutron capture interactions, which result in producing radionuclide byproducts inside the Linac head and bunker, exposing radiation therapy technologists (RTTs) and patients to excessive dose. By the use of higher photon energy, greater number of monitor unit, greater field size and adding treatment accessories, induced dose rate become greater in the isocenter mainly due to activation of high-Z materials inside the Linac head. Activated radionuclides disintegrate with γ, β+ and β- rays with half-lives between 2 min up to more than 5 years. Several researches estimated additional exposure to an RTT depend on treatment strategies, beam energy, and delay time before entrance to the treatment room between 0.1 and 4.9 mSv/y and proposed at least 2 min delay before entrance to the treatment room after treatments with high-energy photon beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Nourmohammadi
- Medical Radiation Sciences Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Physics, Medical School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asghar Mesbahi
- Medical Radiation Sciences Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Physics, Medical School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Horst F, Fehrenbacher G, Zink K. On the neutron radiation field and air activation around a medical electron linac. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2017; 174:147-158. [PMID: 27170731 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In high-energy photon therapy, several radiation protection issues result from photonuclear reactions. In this study, the photoneutron radiation field around a Varian Clinac linear accelerator in 18 MV-X mode within two different radiotherapy bunkers was investigated by means of Monte Carlo simulations using the FLUKA code as well as ambient dose-equivalent measurements. Furthermore, the activation of the air inside the treatment room due to photonuclear reactions (13N and 15O) and the capture of photoneutrons moderated down within the bunker (41Ar) was studied by FLUKA simulations. From the simulation results, the annual effective dose to medical workers due to photoneutrons and activated air was estimated. The emission of radioactivity due to ventilation of the treatment room was found to be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Horst
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Strahlenschutz (IMPS), Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstr. 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Georg Fehrenbacher
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Klemens Zink
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Strahlenschutz (IMPS), Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstr. 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
- Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg GmbH, Baldingerstr., 35043 Marburg, Germany
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Keehan S, Smith RL, Millar J, Esser M, Taylor ML, Lonski P, Kron T, Franich RD. Activation of hip prostheses in high energy radiotherapy and resultant dose to nearby tissue. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2017; 18:100-105. [PMID: 28300363 PMCID: PMC5689951 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
High energy radiotherapy can produce contaminant neutrons through the photonuclear effect. Patients receiving external beam radiation therapy to the pelvis may have high‐density hip prostheses. Metallic materials such as those in hip prostheses, often have high cross‐sections for neutron interaction. In this study, Thackray (UK) prosthetic hips have been irradiated by 18 MV radiotherapy beams to evaluate the additional dose to patients from the activation products. Hips were irradiated in‐ and out‐of field at various distances from the beam isocenter to assess activation caused in‐field by photo‐activation, and neutron activation which occurs both in and out‐of‐field. NaI(Tl) scintillator detectors were used to measure the subsequent gamma‐ray emissions and their half‐lives. High sensitivity Mg, Cu, P doped LiF thermoluminescence dosimeter chips (TLD‐100H) were used to measure the subsequent dose at the surface of a prosthesis over the 12 h following an in‐field irradiation of 10,000 MU to a hip prosthesis located at the beam isocenter in a water phantom. 53Fe, 56Mn, and 52V were identified within the hip following irradiation by radiotherapy beams. The dose measured at the surface of a prosthesis following irradiation in a water phantom was 0.20 mGy over 12 h. The dose at the surface of prostheses irradiated to 200 MU was below the limit of detection (0.05 mGy) of the TLD100H. Prosthetic hips are activated by incident photons and neutrons in high energy radiotherapy, however, the dose resulting from activation is very small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Keehan
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryan L Smith
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,William Buckland Radiotherapy Centre, The Alfred Hosptial, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeremy Millar
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,William Buckland Radiotherapy Centre, The Alfred Hosptial, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Max Esser
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Alfred Hosptial, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael L Taylor
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peta Lonski
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tomas Kron
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rick D Franich
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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