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Wu KY, Wu CF, Luo YS, Huang YF, Uang SN, Lee YY, Chiang SY. Study of urinary mercapturic acids as biomarkers of human acrylonitrile exposure. Toxicol Lett 2022; 373:141-147. [PMID: 36402260 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to the vinyl monomer acrylonitrile (AN) is primarily occupational. AN is also found in cigarette smoke. AN can be detoxified to form N-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-cysteine (CEMA) or activated to 2-cyanoethylene oxide (CEO) and detoxified to form N-acetyl-S-(1-cyano-2-hydroxyethyl)-cysteine (CHEMA) and N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)-cysteine (HEMA). These urinary mercapturic acids (MAs) are considered to be potential biomarkers of AN exposure. This study assessed personal AN exposure, urinary MAs (CEMA, CHEMA, and HEMA), and cotinine (a biomarker of cigarette smoke) in 80 AN-exposed and 23 non-exposed factory workers from urine samples provided before and after work shifts. Unambiguous linear correlations were observed between levels of urinary CEMA and CHEMA with personal AN exposures, indicating their potential as chemically-specific biomarkers for AN exposures. AN exposure was the dominant factor in MA formation for AN-exposed workers, whereas urinary cotinine used as a biomarker showed that cigarette smoke exposure was the primary factor for non-exposed workers. The CHEMA/CEMA and (CHEMA+HEMA)/CEMA ratios in this human study differ from those in similar studies of AN-treated rats and mice in literature, suggesting a possible dose- and species-dependent effect in AN metabolic activation and detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuen-Yuh Wu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Syuan Luo
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fang Huang
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Nian Uang
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, Executive Yuan, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yi Lee
- Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging Contaminant, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Food and Beverage Management, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Su-Yin Chiang
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Kirman CR, Li AA, Sheehan PJ, Bus JS, Lewis RC, Hays SM. Ethylene oxide review: characterization of total exposure via endogenous and exogenous pathways and their implications to risk assessment and risk management. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2021; 24:1-29. [PMID: 33323046 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2020.1852988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review is intended to provide risk assessors and risk managers with a better understanding of issues associated with total exposures of human populations to ethylene oxide from endogenous and exogenous pathways. Biomonitoring of human populations and lab animals exposed to ethylene oxide has relied upon the detection of hemoglobin adducts such as 2-hydroxyethylvaline (HEV), which provides a useful measure of total exposure to ethylene oxide from all pathways. Recent biomonitoring data from CDC provide an excellent characterization of total exposure to ethylene oxide to the general U.S. population by demographic factors such as age, gender, and race as well as smoking habit, which might be comparable to previous measurements reported for humans and lab animals. The biochemical pathways including gastrointestinal (production by bacteria) and systemic (enzymatic production) pathways by which endogenous ethylene is generated and converted to ethylene oxide are described. The relative importance of endogenous pathways and exogenous pathways via ambient air or tobacco smoke was quantified based upon available data to characterize their relative importance to total exposure. Considerable variation was noted for HEV measurements in human populations, and important sources of variation for all pathways are discussed. Issues related to risk assessment and risk management of human populations exposed to ethylene oxide are provided within the context of characterizing total exposure, and data needs for supporting future risk assessment identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A A Li
- Exponent , Oakland, CA, USA
| | | | - J S Bus
- Exponent , Alexandria, MI, USA
| | | | - S M Hays
- Summit Toxicology , Bozeman, MT, USA
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Filser JG, Klein D. A physiologically based toxicokinetic model for inhaled ethylene and ethylene oxide in mouse, rat, and human. Toxicol Lett 2018; 286:54-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Kirman C, Hays S. Derivation of endogenous equivalent values to support risk assessment and risk management decisions for an endogenous carcinogen: Ethylene oxide. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 91:165-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Filser JG, Artati A, Li Q, Pütz C, Semder B, Klein D, Kessler W. Novel and existing data for a future physiological toxicokinetic model of ethylene and its metabolite ethylene oxide in mouse, rat, and human. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 241:76-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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