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Prasankok P, Sutcharit C, Jeratthitikul E, Backeljau T, Pimvichai P. Molecular phylogeny of the snorkel snail Rhiostoma housei, a species complex from Thailand with descriptions of three new species. INVERTEBR SYST 2023. [DOI: 10.1071/is22037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Snorkel snails (genus Rhiostoma) are widely distributed in Indo-China and on the Malay Peninsula. The shell morphology is traditionally used for species identification yet in Thailand, the common snorkel snail, Rhiostoma housei, shows considerable variation in shell morphology within and between populations. Therefore species identifications and delimitations are difficult. We used two mitochondrial DNA fragments (COI and 16S rRNA) and morphological characters to delimit species and infer phylogenetic relationships of Rhiostoma housei s.l. from eight localities in Thailand, representing potential cryptic species suggested by earlier allozyme and karyological data. Results revealed four distinct clades from different geographic areas in Thailand. Species delimitation analyses confirmed the clades as four separate species and a geometric morphometric analysis demonstrated subtle but consistent conchological differences between the four clades. The high COI sequence divergences among the four clades (mean: 14.8%; range: 10.3–16.5%) further supported the species level recognition. As a consequence, three new species are described from Thailand: R. khoratense, sp. nov., R. nakwangense, sp. nov. and R. phunangense, sp. nov. ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:EE534749-9346-4972-BF2E-3B5D0EB8AED8
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Tongkerd P, Tumpeesuwan S, Inkhavilay K, Prasankok P, Jeratthitikul E, Panha S, Sutcharit C. Systematic revision of the snorkel snail genus Rhiostoma Benson, 1860 (Gastropoda, Caenogastropoda, Cyclophoridae) with descriptions of new species. Zookeys 2023; 1142:1-144. [DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The snorkel snail genus Rhiostoma Benson, 1860 is comprised of terrestrial cyclophorid snails with wide-ranging species diversity and radiation in Southeast Asia. The typical characters of the genus are a depressed shell, a detached and descending portion of the last whorl with a distinctive peristomal breathing device attached, and a calcareous cup-shaped operculum. Herein, we have revised the systematics of extant species based on shell morphology combined with COI barcoding. From these thirty recognised species, twelve are described as new to science: R. ? amarapuraensesp. nov., R. anceyisp. nov., R. breviocollarsp. nov., R. ebenozosterasp. nov., R. cheliopegmasp. nov., R. furfurosumsp. nov., R. gnomus, sp. nov., R. lannaensesp. nov., R. laoensesp. nov., R. platymorphasp. nov., R. rhothonotaphrosasp. nov., and R. tigrinasp. nov. All conchological characters are provided via illustrations of type specimens and living snails, and descriptions of the shells and radulae. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial COI gene sequences strongly supports the designated morphospecies and a monophyletic Rhiostoma, confirming that all pterocyclinid snails with a calcareous, cup-shaped operculum belong to the same clade. A high intra-specific divergence was observed in R. jalorensis and R. housei populations from locations in close proximity, suggesting a lower dispersal and higher level of isolation. The low inter-specific divergence found in R. hainesi, R. samuiense, R. asiphon, and R. rhothonotaphrosasp. nov. supports their recent diversification and local adaptation, and is congruent with their marked morphological differences. Finally, nine formerly Rhiostoma-placed species were reclassified into either the genus Cyclotus or the genus Opisthoporus.
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Luo M, Zhao B, Zhang J, Qin Z. Phenotypic plasticity of the invasive apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata, in China: a morphological differentiation analysis. Molluscan Research 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13235818.2022.2064043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Benliang Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaen Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Jirapatrasilp P, Páll-Gergely B, Sutcharit C, Tongkerd P. The operculate micro land snail genus Dicharax Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1900 (Caenogastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Thailand, with description of new species. ZOOSYST EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/zse.97.59143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reviews the Dicharax species in Thailand. Altogether ten Dicharax species are reported, four of which are new to science and described herein. They are Dicharax borealis Jirapatrasilp & Páll-Gergely sp. nov., Dicharax burchi Jirapatrasilp & Páll-Gergely sp. nov., Dicharax panhai Jirapatrasilp & Páll-Gergely sp. nov. and Dicharax pongrati Jirapatrasilp & Tongkerd sp. nov.Alycaeus davisi Godwin-Austen, 1914 is regarded as a junior subjective synonym of Alycaeus cucullatus Theobald, 1870 (= D. cucullatus) based on a similar depressed-conical shell shape, a long sutural tube and a sharp swelling behind the peristome. Furthermore, the type locality of Alycaeus pratatensis Panha & Burch, 1997 (= D. pratatensis) had to be amended. Most important characters to distinguish Dicharax species are the general shell shape and relative lengths of teleoconch regions, whereas the spiral striation of R1, the shape of swelling of R3, the outer peristome crenulation and protrusion, and the exterior opercular sculpture show large intraspecific variability.
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Páll-Gergely B, Sajan S, Tripathy B, Meng K, Asami T, Ablett JD. Genus-level revision of the Alycaeidae (Gastropoda, Cyclophoroidea), with an annotated species catalogue. Zookeys 2020; 981:1-220. [PMID: 33199958 PMCID: PMC7644702 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.981.53583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
412 species-group names (including 11 replacement names), and 14 genus-group names of the Alycaeidae have been introduced to date. Type materials of 85% (336) of the known species and subspecies were examined, a further 5% (19) of the taxa were studied using available non-type material, and for another 6% (22) the original descriptions were sufficiently detailed to evaluate their taxonomic status. Only 3% of the taxa (12) could not be examined. Special attention was paid to the sculpture of the embryonic whorls and the sutural tube-microtunnel system in order to provide a novel classification for this group. In this study 363 taxa (320 species or 43 subspecies) are accepted within the family Alycaeidae. Of these, 22 have been described by the lead author and his coauthors in previous publications. In addition, there are 18 species that were formerly classified in Cycloryx and now belong to Pincerna due to its synonymy with Cycloryx. Among the remaining 323 species, 209 (65%) are transferred here to another genus, whilst 114 (35%) have remained in their original genus. Seven genera are accepted. While some questions (e.g., the distinction between Pincerna and Alycaeus) remained unanswered, this revision made three main achievements: (1) The Dicharax species were identified based on the absence of spiral striation on the entire shell; (2) the Metalycaeus species were identified based on the spiral striation of the protoconch; (3) and Stomacosmethis was separated from Alycaeus based on the extremely short sutural tube. Five nominal species are being synonymised with other species, and eight species are now treated as subspecies. The following replacement names are proposed: Dioryxurnulaniosiensis Páll-Gergely, nom. nov. for Alycaeusurnulavar.daflaensis Godwin-Austen, 1914; Dioryxurnularotundus Páll-Gergely, nom. nov. for Alycaeusurnulavar.globosus Godwin-Austen, 1914; Pincernacrenilabrisjuttingae Páll-Gergely, nom. nov. for Alycaeuscrenilabrislaevis van Benthem Jutting, 1959; Pincernacrenilabriskorintjiensis Páll-Gergely, nom. nov. for Alycaeuscrenilabrislatecostatus van Benthem Jutting, 1959; Dicharaxconicusjatingaensis Páll-Gergely, nom. nov. for Alycaeusconicusvar.nanus Godwin-Austen, 1914; Metalycaeusgodwinausteni Páll-Gergely, nom. nov. for Alycaeusneglectus Godwin-Austen, 1914; and finally Metalycaeussuhajdai Páll-Gergely, nom. nov. for Alycaeusvarius Godwin-Austen, 1914.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barna Páll-Gergely
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, H-1022, Hungary Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA) Budapest Hungary
| | - Sheikh Sajan
- Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M Block, New Alipore, Kolkata 700053, West Bengal, India Zoological Survey of India Kolkata India.,Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun 248 002, Uttarakhand, India Wildlife Institute of India Dehradun India
| | - Basudev Tripathy
- Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M Block, New Alipore, Kolkata 700053, West Bengal, India Zoological Survey of India Kolkata India
| | - Kaibaryer Meng
- National Zoological Museum of China, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Takahiro Asami
- Department of Biology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan Shinshu University Matsumoto Japan
| | - Jonathan D Ablett
- Mollusca Section, Invertebrates Division, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museums, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom Natural History Museum London United Kingdom
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Páll-Gergely B, Hunyadi A, Auffenberg K. Taxonomic vandalism in malacology: comments on molluscan taxa recently described by N. N. Thach and colleagues (2014–2019). Folia Malacol 2020. [DOI: 10.12657/folmal.028.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hirano T, Asato K, Yamamoto S, Takahashi Y, Chiba S. Cretaceous amber fossils highlight the evolutionary history and morphological conservatism of land snails. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15886. [PMID: 31685840 PMCID: PMC6828811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Other than hard bones and shells, it is rare for soft tissues to fossilize, but occasionally they are well-preserved in amber. Here, we focus on both modern and fossilized species of the land snail superfamily Cyclophoroidea. Phylogenetic relationships within the Cyclophoroidea were previously studied using extant species, but timing of divergence within the group remains unclear. In addition, it is difficult to observe morphological traits such as the chitinous operculum and periostracum of fossil snails due to their poor preservation potential. Here we describe nine species including a new genus and five new species of well-preserved fossil cyclophoroideans from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. These fossils include not only the shell, but also the chitinous operculum and periostracum, soft body, and excrements. We present the first estimation of divergence time among cyclophoroidean families using fossil records and molecular data, suggesting extreme morphological conservatism of the Cyclophoroidea for nearly 100 million years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hirano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, USA.
| | - Kaito Asato
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shûhei Yamamoto
- Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA
| | - Yui Takahashi
- Muroto Geopark Promotion Committee, Muroto Global Geopark Center, Kochi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Chiba
- Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan.,Graduate school of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
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Páll-Gergely B, Auffenberg K. A review of the Alycaeidae of the Philippines with descriptions of new species and subspecies (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Cyclophoroidea). Molluscan Research 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13235818.2019.1638541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barna Páll-Gergely
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kurt Auffenberg
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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Xu X, Wu J, Wang K, Yang Y, Yan S. Locking of the operculum in a water snail: Theoretical modeling and applications for mechanical sealing. J Theor Biol 2019; 464:104-111. [PMID: 30593825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
How can a water snail lock its door by an operculum? In this theoretical and experimental combined research, we revealed this by dissection, modeling and validation with a 3D printed technique. The operculum is a corneous or calcareous trapdoor-like sheet which attaches to the upper surface of the water snail's foot. It can plug the shell aperture by retracting the soft body when a predator or environmental threat is encountered. For a water snail (Pomacea canaliculata), the operculum can be locked in its shell rapidly. By optical microscope images, we found the operculum of P. canaliculata is a multilayered disk with a thicker center and thinner edge, which may be functionally influential for successful closing and opening the trapdoor. We filmed the locking in opercula of living snails, and designed an experiment to measure the deformation of opercula on the dead samples. We propose one mathematical model to describe the connections among geometry, sectionalized stiffness and the force for locking. By using 3D printing technique, we designed an operculum inspired locking mechanism to validate the theories we proposed. Under the same normal force, the water leakage rate of the bio-inspired structure can be reduced to 99% compared to the disk with uniform thickness. Our results reveal that the snail's operculum not only develops a light-weight trapdoor, but a locking mechanism which could serve as a valuable model for designing compliant locking mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xu
- School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Wu
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Division of Intelligent and Biomechanical Systems, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunqiang Yang
- School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shaoze Yan
- Division of Intelligent and Biomechanical Systems, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
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Bieler R, Collins TM, Golding R, Rawlings TA. A novel and enigmatic two-holed shell aperture in a new species of suspension-feeding worm-snail (Vermetidae). PeerJ 2019. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shell aperture modifications are well known in terrestrial and aquatic gastropods, with apertural lip thickening and tooth development common in species with terminal (determinate) shell growth. In contrast, secondary shell openings are rare in snails and are largely limited to slit shells, keyhole limpets, and abalone of the Vetigastropoda. When such features occur in other groups, they are noteworthy and raise interesting questions concerning the functional/adaptive significance of these shell modifications. Here we report on one such modification in a newly described species of vermetid snail. Members of the worm-snail family Vermetidae are sessile, suspension-feeding caenogastropods found in warm temperate to tropical marine environments worldwide. As juveniles, vermetids permanently cement their shells to hard substrata and subsequently produce irregularly coiled polychaete-like shell tubes with indeterminate growth and typically a simple circular shell aperture. In one previously studied group (genusCupolaconcha), the aperture can be covered by a shell dome with a central slit that retains its widest opening in the center of the aperture. Vermetid specimens collected in the barrier reefs of Belize and the Florida Keys show an extreme aperture modification previously unknown in Gastropoda, in which the shell opening is covered by an apertural dome that leaves two equal-sized circular holes, each corresponding to the inflow and outflow water exchange currents of the animal’s mantle cavity. The function of this perforated apertural dome is unknown, and it is in some ways antithetical to the suspension feeding habit of these snails. Further field and laboratory-based studies will be needed to clarify the functional significance and trade-offs of this unique morphology. The new taxon, which is not closely related to the previously described dome-building cladeCupolaconcha, is described and named asVermetus biperforatusBieler, Collins, Golding & Rawlings n. sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Bieler
- Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Timothy M. Collins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Rosemary Golding
- Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Malacology, Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Bachtel RZ, Rittenhouse M, Sandland GJ, Koop JAH. Infection patterns of trematodes across size classes of an invasive snail species using field and laboratory studies. Parasitology 2019; 146:438-44. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018001646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn the Upper Mississippi River Region, invasive faucet snails (Bithynia tentaculata) and their trematode parasites have been implicated in more than 182 000 waterfowl deaths since 1996. Estimating transmission potential depends on accurate assessments of susceptible host population size. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying snail–host susceptibility in this system. Prior field studies suggest that very small, likely young, faucet snails are less suitable secondary intermediate hosts. Here, we test whether the patterns observed in the field are because small snails (1) are refractory to infection by cercariae, (2) die from infection and are removed from sampled populations, and/or (3) are not preferred by cercariae. Our own field collections were consistent with the observation that smaller faucet snails exhibit lower metacercarial infection prevalence and abundance than larger snails. However, laboratory-based experiments show that smaller snails were actually more susceptible to infection than larger snails. Moreover, the smallest snail size class had significantly higher mortality than larger snails following infection, which may explain their reduced infection levels observed in the field. Our study demonstrates the importance of pairing field and laboratory studies to better understand mechanisms underlying patterns of infection.
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Abstract
A total of 11 species and 1 subspecies of Alycaeus were recognised in Peninsular Malaysia prior to this study. However, these taxonomic descriptions of Alycaeus taxa were based on limited numbers of examined materials, where a whole spectrum of morphological variations were not accounted for and diagnoses were often provided without sufficient comparison between congeners from across the peninsula. We reviewed Peninsular Malaysian Alycaeus through the examination of 5137 specimens in 522 collection lots from all major museum collections and literature sources. Based on these examined materials, we utilised a more comprehensive revised set of 39 shell and operculum characters, as well as living animal colour to describe all Alycaeus species in this paper. We also noted their habitat and ecology, as well as updated the distribution of each species. Of the 12 previously described taxa, 10 are reconfirmed as present on Peninsular Malaysia (Alycaeus balingensis, Alycaeus carinata, Alycaeus conformis, Alycaeus gibbosulus, Alycaeus kapayanensis, Alycaeus kelantanensis, Alycaeus liratulus, Alycaeus perakensis perakensis, Alycaeus perakensis altispirus and Alycaeus thieroti) and 2 are confirmed as absent from the peninsula (Alycaeus jagori and Alycaeus pyramidalis). A new record of Alycaeus robeleni is reported for Peninsular Malaysia. One species, Chamalycaeus jousseaumei is confirmed as present on the peninsula and is reassigned to Alycaeus. The subspecies Alycaeus perakensis altispirus Möllendorff, 1902, is elevated to species. Examined Peninsular Malaysian materials that do not fit previously recognised species are described as new species. A total of 11 new species are proposed (Alycaeus selangoriensissp. n., Alycaeus costacrassasp. n., Alycaeus ikanensissp. n., Alycaeus alticolasp. n., Alycaeus charasensissp. n., Alycaeus kurauensissp. n., Alycaeus regalissp. n., Alycaeus virgogravidasp. n., Alycaeus senyumensissp. n., Alycaeus expansussp. n., Alycaeus clementsisp. n.). Overall, 23 species of Alycaeus are now recognised in Peninsular Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junn Kitt Foon
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Rimba, 22-3A, Casa Kiara 2, Jalan Kiara 5, 50480 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Thor-Seng Liew
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Rimba, 22-3A, Casa Kiara 2, Jalan Kiara 5, 50480 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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