Adaptation and development of software simulation methodologies for cardiovascular engineering: present and future challenges from an end-user perspective

Digital Twins for Tissue Culture Techniques—Concepts, Expectations, and State of the Art

Techniques to provide in vitro tissue culture have undergone significant changes during the last decades, and current applications involve interactions of cells and organoids, three-dimensional cell co-cultures, and organ/body-on-chip tools. Efficient computer-aided and mathematical model-based methods are required for efficient and knowledge-driven characterization, optimization, and routine manufacturing of tissue culture systems. As an alternative to purely experimental-driven research, the usage of comprehensive mathematical models as a virtual in silico representation of the tissue culture, namely a digital twin, can be advantageous. Digital twins include the mechanistic of the biological system in the form of diverse mathematical models, which describe the interaction between tissue culture techniques and cell growth, metabolism, and the quality of the tissue. In this review, current concepts, expectations, and the state of the art of digital twins for tissue culture concepts will be highlighted. In general, DT’s can be applied along the full process chain and along the product life cycle. Due to the complexity, the focus of this review will be especially on the design, characterization, and operation of the tissue culture techniques.

A LUMPED PARAMETER MODEL OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM WITH PULSATING HEART FOR DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES

Mathematical modeling of cardiovascular system provides an ability to study hemodynamics and to predict the results of treatment based on individual anatomical and physiological data of patients. However, the presently developed models of cardiovascular system have a limitation on use in clinical practice due to their physical and computational complexities. The aim of this study is to derive a lumped parameter model of cardiovascular system with pulsating heart in which all parameters have a physically based quantitative value and can be identified using clinical methods. For development of a cardiovascular system model the chamber analog was used which describes whole cardiovascular system as a set of elastic chambers. The proposed model consists of systemic and pulmonary circulation, four-chamber heart and four valves. The description of heart is based on a four-element representation of a cardiac muscle. The reverse blood flow via valves is considered. The accuracy of the derived model was evaluated by comparing the data of numerical simulation with experimental data. The limitations of the model were discussed as well as possible applications of the model were suggested. The proposed lumped parameter model can be used to support clinicians in their decisions in treating cardiovascular disorders.