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Yang Y, Luo Z, Wang S, Huang W, Wang G, Wang C, Yao Y, Li H, Wang Z, Zhou J, Dong Y, Guan Y, Tian Y, Feng C, Zhao Y, Gao C, Xiao G. Electric-field-assisted non-volatile magnetic switching in a magnetoelectronic hybrid structure. iScience 2021; 24:102734. [PMID: 34258562 PMCID: PMC8258860 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Electric-field (E-field) control of magnetic switching provides an energy-efficient means to toggle the magnetic states in spintronic devices. The angular tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) of an magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ)/PMN-PT magnetoelectronic hybrid indicates that the angle-dependent switching fields of the free layer can decrease significantly subject to the application of an E-field. In particular, the switching field along the major axis is reduced by 59% from 28.0 to 11.5 Oe as the E-field increases from 0 to 6 kV/cm, while the TMR ratio remains intact. The switching boundary angle decreases (increases) for the parallel (antiparallel) to antiparallel (parallel) state switch, resulting in a shrunk switching window size. The non-volatile and reversible 180° magnetization switching is demonstrated by using E-fields with a smaller magnetic field bias as low as 11.5 Oe. The angular magnetic switching originates from competition among the E-field-induced magnetoelastic anisotropy, magnetic shape anisotropy, and Zeeman energy, which is confirmed by micromagnetic simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Yang
- Department of Physics and Lab of Correlated Electron System and Spintronic Devices, School of Physics and School of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenlin Luo
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Shutong Wang
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Wenyu Huang
- Department of Physics and Lab of Correlated Electron System and Spintronic Devices, School of Physics and School of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Guilin Wang
- Department of Physics and Lab of Correlated Electron System and Spintronic Devices, School of Physics and School of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Cangmin Wang
- Department of Physics and Lab of Correlated Electron System and Spintronic Devices, School of Physics and School of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxue Yao
- Department of Physics and Lab of Correlated Electron System and Spintronic Devices, School of Physics and School of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongju Li
- Department of Physics and Lab of Correlated Electron System and Spintronic Devices, School of Physics and School of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhili Wang
- Department of Physics and Lab of Correlated Electron System and Spintronic Devices, School of Physics and School of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingtian Zhou
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqi Dong
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Guan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangchao Tian
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Ce Feng
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggang Zhao
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Gao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Xiao
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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2
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Zhang J, Fang C, Weng GJ. Direct and converse nonlinear magnetoelectric coupling in multiferroic composites with ferromagnetic and ferroelectric phases. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2019; 475:20190002. [PMID: 31236051 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2019.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we develop a theoretical principle to calculate the direct and converse magnetoelectric (ME) coupling response of ferromagnetic/ferroelectric composites with 2-2 connectivity. We first present an experimentally based constitutive equation for Terfenol-D, and then build the mechanism of domain switch for the ferroelectric phase. In the latter, the change of Gibbs free energy, thermodynamic driving force and kinetic equations for domain growth are also established. These two sets of constitutive equations are shown to capture the experimental data of Terfenol-D and PZT, respectively, well. For the direct effect under an applied magnetic field, the induced electric field and the overall ME coupling coefficient are determined. For the converse effect under an applied electric field, the induced magnetization and the excited magnetic field are obtained. Both the induced electric filed under direct effect and the excited magnetic field under converse effect are shown to display the hysteretic characteristics, and also in good agreement with experiments. We conclude that the developed theory can both qualitatively and quantitatively reflect the essential features of nonlinear direct and converse ME coupling of the multiferroic composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Environment and Disaster in Western China, The Ministry of Education of China, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China.,Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, People's Republic of China.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - George J Weng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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3
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Xiao Z, Lo Conte R, Chen C, Liang CY, Sepulveda A, Bokor J, Carman GP, Candler RN. Bi-directional coupling in strain-mediated multiferroic heterostructures with magnetic domains and domain wall motion. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5207. [PMID: 29581531 PMCID: PMC5913354 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain-coupled multiferroic heterostructures provide a path to energy-efficient, voltage-controlled magnetic nanoscale devices, a region where current-based methods of magnetic control suffer from Ohmic dissipation. Growing interest in highly magnetoelastic materials, such as Terfenol-D, prompts a more accurate understanding of their magnetization behavior. To address this need, we simulate the strain-induced magnetization change with two modeling methods: the commonly used unidirectional model and the recently developed bidirectional model. Unidirectional models account for magnetoelastic effects only, while bidirectional models account for both magnetoelastic and magnetostrictive effects. We found unidirectional models are on par with bidirectional models when describing the magnetic behavior in weakly magnetoelastic materials (e.g., Nickel), but the two models deviate when highly magnetoelastic materials (e.g., Terfenol-D) are introduced. These results suggest that magnetostrictive feedback is critical for modeling highly magnetoelastic materials, as opposed to weaker magnetoelastic materials, where we observe only minor differences between the two methods' outputs. To our best knowledge, this work represents the first comparison of unidirectional and bidirectional modeling in composite multiferroic systems, demonstrating that back-coupling of magnetization to strain can inhibit formation and rotation of magnetic states, highlighting the need to revisit the assumption that unidirectional modeling always captures the necessary physics in strain-mediated multiferroics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuyun Xiao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Roberto Lo Conte
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Cai Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Cheng-Yen Liang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Abdon Sepulveda
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bokor
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Gregory P Carman
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Robert N Candler
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA.
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA.
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Vinai G, Ressel B, Torelli P, Loi F, Gobaut B, Ciancio R, Casarin B, Caretta A, Capasso L, Parmigiani F, Cugini F, Solzi M, Malvestuto M, Ciprian R. Giant magneto-electric coupling in 100 nm thick Co capped by ZnO nanorods. Nanoscale 2018; 10:1326-1336. [PMID: 29296985 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr09233d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we report a giant, completely reversible magneto-electric coupling of 100 nm polycrystalline Co layer in contact with ZnO nanorods. When the sample is under an applied bias of ±2 V, the Co magnetic coercivity is reduced by a factor 5 from the un-poled case, with additionally a reduction of total magnetic moment in Co. Taking into account the chemical properties of ZnO nanorods measured by X-rays absorption near edge spectroscopy under bias, we conclude that these macroscopic effects on the magnetic response of the Co layer are due to the microstructure and the strong strain-driven magneto-electric coupling induced by the ZnO nanorods, whose nanostructuration maximizes the piezoelectric response under bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Vinai
- CNR-Istituto Officina dei Materiali IOM, s.s. 14 km 163.5, 34149, Trieste, Italy
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5
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Zhang S, Chen Q, Liu Y, Chen A, Yang L, Li P, Ming ZS, Yu Y, Sun W, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Sun Y, Zhao Y. Strain-Mediated Coexistence of Volatile and Nonvolatile Converse Magnetoelectric Effects in Fe/Pb(Mg 1/3Nb 2/3) 0.7Ti 0.3O 3 Heterostructure. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:20637-20647. [PMID: 28540731 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Strain-mediated ferromagnetic/ferroelectric (FE) heterostructures have played an important role in multiferroic materials to investigate the electric-field control of magnetism in the past decade, due to their excellent performances, such as room-temperature operation and large magnetoelectric (ME) coupling effect. Because of the different FE-switching-originated strain behaviors and varied interfacial coupling effect, both loop-like (nonvolatile) and butterfly-like (volatile) converse ME effects have been reported. Here, we investigate the electric-field control of magnetism in a multiferroic heterostructure composed of a polycrystalline Fe thin film and a Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)0.7Ti0.3O3 single crystal, and the experimental results exhibit complex behaviors, suggesting the coexistence of volatile and nonvolatile converse ME effects. By separating the symmetrical and antisymmetrical parts of the electrical modulation of magnetization, we distinguished the loop-like hysteresis and butterfly-like magnetization changes tuned by electric fields, corresponding to the strain effects related to the FE 109° switching and 71/180° switching, respectively. Further magnetic-field-dependent as well as angular-dependent investigation of the converse ME effect confirmed the strain-mediated magnetism involving competition among the Zeeman energy, magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy, and strain-generated magnetoelastic energy. This study is helpful for understanding the electric-field control of magnetism in multiferroic heterostructures as well as its relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084, China
- College of Science, National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073, China
| | - Qianping Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Space Utilization, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100094, China
| | - Aitian Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peisen Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhou Shi Ming
- Department of Physics, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, China
| | | | | | | | - Yuelei Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Young Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yonggang Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084, China
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6
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Abstract
Combining the nonvolatile, locally switchable polarization field of a ferroelectric thin film with a nanoscale electronic material in a field effect transistor structure offers the opportunity to examine and control a rich variety of mesoscopic phenomena and interface coupling. It is also possible to introduce new phases and functionalities into these hybrid systems through rational design. This paper reviews two rapidly progressing branches in the field of ferroelectric transistors, which employ two distinct classes of nanoscale electronic materials as the conducting channel, the two-dimensional (2D) electron gas graphene and the strongly correlated transition metal oxide thin films. The topics covered include the basic device physics, novel phenomena emerging in the hybrid systems, critical mechanisms that control the magnitude and stability of the field effect modulation and the mobility of the channel material, potential device applications, and the performance limitations of these devices due to the complex interface interactions and challenges in achieving controlled materials properties. Possible future directions for this field are also outlined, including local ferroelectric gate control via nanoscale domain patterning and incorporating other emergent materials in this device concept, such as the simple binary ferroelectrics, layered 2D transition metal dichalcogenides, and the 4d and 5d heavy metal compounds with strong spin-orbit coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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7
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Hu JM, Chen LQ, Nan CW. Multiferroic Heterostructures Integrating Ferroelectric and Magnetic Materials. Adv Mater 2016; 28:15-39. [PMID: 26551616 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiferroic heterostructures can be synthesized by integrating monolithic ferroelectric and magnetic materials, with interfacial coupling between electric polarization and magnetization, through the exchange of elastic, electric, and magnetic energy. Although the nature of the interfaces remains to be unraveled, such cross coupling can be utilized to manipulate the magnetization (or polarization) with an electric (or magnetic) field, known as a converse (or direct) magnetoelectric effect. It can be exploited to significantly improve the performance of or/and add new functionalities to many existing or emerging devices such as memory devices, tunable microwave devices, sensors, etc. The exciting technological potential, along with the rich physical phenomena at the interface, has sparked intensive research on multiferroic heterostructures for more than a decade. Here, we summarize the most recent progresses in the fundamental principles and potential applications of the interface-based magnetoelectric effect in multiferroic heterostructures, and present our perspectives on some key issues that require further study in order to realize their practical device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Mian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ce-Wen Nan
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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8
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Abstract
We review recent advances in our understanding of interfacial phenomena that emerge when dissimilar materials are brought together at atomically sharp and coherent interfaces. In particular, we focus on phenomena that are intrinsic to the interface and review recent work carried out on perovskite manganites interfaces, a class of complex oxides whose rich electronic properties have proven to be a useful playground for the discovery and prediction of novel phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A F Vaz
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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9
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Wang JJ, Hu JM, Yang TN, Feng M, Zhang JX, Chen LQ, Nan CW. Effect of strain on voltage-controlled magnetism in BiFeO₃-based heterostructures. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4553. [PMID: 24686503 PMCID: PMC3971450 DOI: 10.1038/srep04553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-modulated magnetism in magnetic/BiFeO3 heterostructures can be driven by a combination of the intrinsic ferroelectric-antiferromagnetic coupling in BiFeO3 and the antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic exchange interaction across the heterointerface. However, ferroelectric BiFeO3 film is also ferroelastic, thus it is possible to generate voltage-induced strain in BiFeO3 that could be applied onto the magnetic layer across the heterointerface and modulate magnetism through magnetoelastic coupling. Here, we investigated, using phase-field simulations, the role of strain in voltage-controlled magnetism for these BiFeO3-based heterostructures. It is predicted, under certain condition, coexistence of strain and exchange interaction will result in a pure voltage-driven 180° magnetization reversal in BiFeO3-based heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Wang
- 1] State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China [2]
| | - J M Hu
- 1] State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China [2] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA [3]
| | - T N Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - M Feng
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - J X Zhang
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - L Q Chen
- 1] State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China [2] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - C W Nan
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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