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Tu R, Sodano HA. Highly Stretchable Printed Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Sensors through the Formation of a Continuous Elastomer Phase. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:22320-22331. [PMID: 37119527 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable piezoelectric stress/strain sensing materials have attracted substantial research interest in the fields of wearable health monitoring, motion capturing, and soft robotics. These sensors require operation under dynamic loading conditions with high strain range, changing strain/loading rates, and varying pre-stretch states, which are challenging conditions for existing sensors to produce reliable measurements. To overcome these challenges, an intrinsically stretchable poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) sensor is developed through the polymer blending of PVDF and acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). Through precipitation printing and vulcanization, the resulting PVDF/NBR blends exhibit strong β phase PVDF and a blend morphology with submicron-level phase separation, but also strains up to 544%. Both the blend morphology and the mechanical properties indicate that this PVDF/NBR blend can be considered as a continuous elastomer phase above micron scale. After electric poling and adding electrodes, the PVDF/NBR blends have excellent piezoelectric properties to be used as both stretching mode strain sensors and compression mode stress/force sensors. The stretching mode sensors can measure strain up to 70% without strain rate and pre-stretch dependence, while the compression mode sensors have a loading-rate-independent linear voltage-stress relationship up to 4.8 MPa stress and a negligible pre-stretch dependence. Therefore, the PVDF/NBR sensors can provide accurate and reliable stress/strain measurements when attached to soft structures, which paves the way for sensing and calibration of soft robots under dynamic loading conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruowen Tu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Henry A Sodano
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Sattar M, Patnaik A. Role of Interface Structure and Chain Dynamics on the Diverging Glass Transition Behavior of SSBR-SiO 2-PIL Elastomers. ACS Omega 2020; 5:21191-21202. [PMID: 32875255 PMCID: PMC7450647 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Intermolecular interactions between the constituents of a polymer nanocomposite at the polymer-particle interface strongly affect the segmental mobility of polymer chains, correlated with their glass transition behavior, and are responsible for the improved dynamical viscoelastic properties. In this work, we emphasized on the evolution of characteristic interfaces and their dynamics in silica (SiO2 NP)-reinforced, solution-polymerized, styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR) composites, whose relative prevalence varied with the phosphonium ionic liquid (PIL) volume fraction, used as an interfacial modifier. The molecular origins of such interfaces were examined through systematic dielectric spectroscopy, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and dynamic-mechanical analyses. The PIL facilitated H-bonding, cation-π, surface-phenyl, and van der Waals interfacial interactions between SSBR and SiO2 NP, thereby regulating the polymer chain dynamics, orientation, and mean-square displacement. Specifically, the mass density profiles from MD simulations revealed the dynamic gradient of polymer chains in the interfacial region as a function of radial distance from the center of mass of the SiO2 NP surface. The results showed a structuring effect to result in well-resolved density peaks at specific radial distances with the tangential orientation of styrene monomers in the vicinity of the SiO2 NP surface. These domino effects highlighted strong interfacial interactions to have an indispensable effect on the viscoelastic performance and thermal motion of SSBR molecular chains, leading to a higher glass transition temperature (T g) by ∼15 K, validating the experimental data. More importantly, our results gave new insights into the fundamental understanding of the fact that the strength of intermolecular interactions induced by PIL at the polymer-particle interface is the key to control the α-relaxation dynamics and T g optimization, desired for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad
Abdul Sattar
- Colloid
and Interface Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai600036, India
- R&D
Centre, MRF Limited, MRF Road, Tiruvottiyur, Chennai 600019, India
| | - Archita Patnaik
- Colloid
and Interface Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai600036, India
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Sanchis M, Carsí M, Culebras M, Gómez C, Rodriguez S, Torres F. Molecular dynamics of carrageenan composites reinforced with Cloisite Na+ montmorillonite nanoclay. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 176:117-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Luo MC, An R, Gao XX, Zeng J, Huang GS. Role of epoxidation on segmental motion of polyisoprene as studied by broadband dielectric spectroscopy. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering; College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Ran An
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering; College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering; College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering; College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Su Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering; College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
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Redondo-Foj B, Sanchis MJ, Ortiz-Serna P, Carsí M, García JM, García FC. The effect of cross-linking on the molecular dynamics of the segmental and β Johari-Goldstein processes in polyvinylpyrrolidone-based copolymers. Soft Matter 2015; 11:7171-7180. [PMID: 26255757 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00714c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the cross-link density on the molecular dynamics of copolymers composed of vinylpyrrolidone (VP) and butyl acrylate (BA) was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). A single glass transition was detected by DSC measurements. The dielectric spectra exhibit conductive processes and three dipolar relaxations labeled as α, β and γ in the decreasing order of temperatures. The cross-linker content affects both α and β processes, but the fastest γ process is relatively unaffected. An increase of cross-linking produces a typical effect on the α process dynamics: (i) the glass transition temperature is increased, (ii) the dispersion is broadened, (iii) its strength is decreased and (iv) the relaxation times are increased. However, the β process, which possesses typical features of a pure Johari-Goldstein relaxation, unexpectedly loses the intermolecular character for the highest cross-linker content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Redondo-Foj
- Instituto Tecnología Eléctrica, Departamento de Termodinámica Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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Redondo-Foj B, Carsí M, Ortiz-Serna P, Sanchis MJ, Vallejos S, García F, García JM. Effect of the Dipole–Dipole Interactions in the Molecular Dynamics of Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-Based Copolymers. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500800a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Redondo-Foj
- Instituto
Tecnológico de la Energía, Departamento de Termodinámica
Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí
de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Carsí
- Instituto
Tecnológico de la Energía, Departamento de Termodinámica
Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí
de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - P. Ortiz-Serna
- Instituto
Tecnológico de la Energía, Departamento de Termodinámica
Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí
de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. J. Sanchis
- Instituto
Tecnológico de la Energía, Departamento de Termodinámica
Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí
de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - S. Vallejos
- Departamento
de Quı́mica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - F. García
- Departamento
de Quı́mica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - J. M. García
- Departamento
de Quı́mica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
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Otegui J, Schwartz GA, Cerveny S, Colmenero J, Loichen J, Westermann S. Influence of Water and Filler Content on the Dielectric Response of Silica-Filled Rubber Compounds. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma302408z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Otegui
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Material Physics Centre (MPC), P. M. de Lardizábal 5, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - G. A. Schwartz
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Material Physics Centre (MPC), P. M. de Lardizábal 5, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia Internacional Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 4,
20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - S. Cerveny
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Material Physics Centre (MPC), P. M. de Lardizábal 5, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia Internacional Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 4,
20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - J. Colmenero
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Material Physics Centre (MPC), P. M. de Lardizábal 5, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia Internacional Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 4,
20018, San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Física
de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Facultad de Química, Apartado 1072, 20018, San Sebastián,
Spain
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Paluch M, Sekula M, Maslanka S, Manczyk K, Sułkowski WW, Rzoska SJ, Ziolo J. Effect of pressure on dynamic heterogeneity in dendrimeric alkyd resin. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:2020-5. [PMID: 15268337 DOI: 10.1063/1.1636696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadband dielectric spectroscopy is employed to investigate the non-Debye relaxation behavior in a dendrimeric alkyd resin. From temperature-dependent measurements at ambient pressure, we found a very broad distribution of relaxation times. This is attributed to the complex geometrical topology of the molecule. However, compression significantly reduces the non-Debye character of the dielectric response; thus, pressure induces dynamic homogeneity in the dendrimeric alkyd resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paluch
- Institute of Physics, Silesian University, Universytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
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