Relationship between directed percolation and the synchronization transition in spatially extended systems

Robustness of the emergence of synchronized clusters in branching hierarchical systems under parametric noise

The dynamical robustness of networks in the presence of noise is of utmost fundamental and applied interest. In this work, we explore the effect of parametric noise on the emergence of synchronized clusters in diffusively coupled Chaté-Manneville maps on a branching hierarchical structure. We consider both quenched and dynamically varying parametric noise. We find that the transition to a synchronized fixed point on the maximal cluster is robust in the presence of both types of noise. We see that the small sub-maximal clusters of the system, which coexist with the maximal cluster, exhibit a power-law cluster size distribution. This power-law scaling of synchronized cluster sizes is robust against noise in a broad range of coupling strengths. However, interestingly, we find a window of coupling strength where the system displays markedly different sensitivities to noise for the maximal cluster and the small clusters, with the scaling exponent for the cluster distribution for small clusters exhibiting clear dependence on noise strength, while the cluster size of the maximal cluster of the system displays no significant change in the presence of noise. Our results have implications for the observability of synchronized cluster distributions in real-world hierarchical networks, such as neural networks, power grids, and communication networks, that necessarily have parametric fluctuations.

Semiclassical Limit of a Measurement-Induced Transition in Many-Body Chaos in Integrable and Nonintegrable Oscillator Chains

We discuss the dynamics of integrable and nonintegrable chains of coupled oscillators under continuous weak position measurements in the semiclassical limit. We show that, in this limit, the dynamics is described by a standard stochastic Langevin equation, and a measurement-induced transition appears as a noise- and dissipation-induced chaotic-to-nonchaotic transition akin to stochastic synchronization. In the nonintegrable chain of anharmonically coupled oscillators, we show that the temporal growth and the ballistic light-cone spread of a classical out-of-time correlator characterized by the Lyapunov exponent and the butterfly velocity are halted above a noise or below an interaction strength. The Lyapunov exponent and the butterfly velocity both act like order parameter, vanishing in the nonchaotic phase. In addition, the butterfly velocity exhibits a critical finite-size scaling. For the integrable model, we consider the classical Toda chain and show that the Lyapunov exponent changes nonmonotonically with the noise strength, vanishing at the zero noise limit and above a critical noise, with a maximum at an intermediate noise strength. The butterfly velocity in the Toda chain shows a singular behavior approaching the integrable limit of zero noise strength.

Percolation critical exponents in cluster kinetics of pulse-coupled oscillators

Transient dynamics leading to the synchrony of a type of pulse-coupled oscillators, so-called scrambler oscillators, has previously been studied as an aggregation process of synchronous clusters, and a rate equation for the cluster size distribution has been proposed. However, the evolution of the cluster size distribution for general cluster sizes has not been fully understood yet. In this paper, we study the evolution of the cluster size distribution from the perspective of a percolation model by regarding the number of aggregations as the number of attached bonds. Specifically, we derive the scaling form of the cluster size distribution with specific values of the critical exponents using the property that the characteristic cluster size diverges as the percolation threshold is approached from below. Through simulation, it is confirmed that the scaling form well explains the evolution of the cluster size distribution. Based on the distribution behavior, we find that a giant cluster of all oscillators is formed discontinuously at the threshold and also that further aggregation does not occur like in a one-dimensional bond percolation model. Finally, we discuss the origin of the discontinuous formation of the giant cluster from the perspective of global suppression in explosive percolation models. For this, we approximate the aggregation process as a cluster-cluster aggregation with a given collision kernel. We believe that the theoretical approach presented in this paper can be used to understand the transient dynamics of a broad range of synchronizations.

Evidence of a Critical Phase Transition in Purely Temporal Dynamics with Long-Delayed Feedback

Experimental evidence of an absorbing phase transition, so far associated with spatiotemporal dynamics, is provided in a purely temporal optical system. A bistable semiconductor laser, with long-delayed optoelectronic feedback and multiplicative noise, shows the peculiar features of a critical phenomenon belonging to the directed percolation universality class. The numerical study of a simple, effective model provides accurate estimates of the transition critical exponents, in agreement with both theory and our experiment. This result pushes forward a hard equivalence of nontrivial stochastic, long-delayed systems with spatiotemporal ones and opens a new avenue for studying out-of-equilibrium universality classes in purely temporal dynamics.

Dynamic phase transition from localized to spatiotemporal chaos in coupled circle map with feedback

We investigate coupled circle maps in the presence of feedback and explore various dynamical phases observed in this system of coupled high dimensional maps. We observe an interesting transition from localized chaos to spatiotemporal chaos. We study this transition as a dynamic phase transition. We observe that persistence acts as an excellent quantifier to describe this transition. Taking the location of the fixed point of circle map (which does not change with feedback) as a reference point, we compute a number of sites which have been greater than (less than) the fixed point until time t. Though local dynamics is high dimensional in this case, this definition of persistence which tracks a single variable is an excellent quantifier for this transition. In most cases, we also obtain a well defined persistence exponent at the critical point and observe conventional scaling as seen in second order phase transitions. This indicates that persistence could work as a good order parameter for transitions from fully or partially arrested phase. We also give an explanation of gaps in eigenvalue spectrum of the Jacobian of localized state.

Directed percolation criticality due to stochastic switching between attractive and repulsive coupling in coupled circle maps

We study a lattice model where the coupling stochastically switches between repulsive (subtractive) and attractive (additive) at each site with probability p at every time instant. We observe that such a kind of coupling stabilizes the local fixed point of a circle map, with the resultant globally stable attractor providing a unique absorbing state. Interestingly, a continuous phase transition is observed from the absorbing state to spatiotemporal chaos via spatiotemporal intermittency for a range of values of p . It is interesting to note that the transition falls in class of directed percolation. Static and spreading exponents along with relevant scaling laws are found to be obeyed confirming the directed percolation universality class in spatiotemporal intermittency regime.

Chaotic synchronizations of spatially extended systems as nonequilibrium phase transitions

Two replicas of spatially extended chaotic systems synchronize to a common spatio-temporal chaotic state when coupled above a critical strength. As a prototype of each single spatio-temporal chaotic system a lattice of maps interacting via power-law coupling is considered. Furthermore, each unit in the one-dimensional chain is linked to the corresponding one in the replica via a local coupling. The synchronization transition is studied as a nonequilibrium phase transition, and its critical properties are analyzed at varying the spatial interaction range as well as the nonlinearity of the dynamical units composing each system. In particular, continuous and discontinuous local maps are considered. In both cases the transitions are of the second order with critical indices varying with the exponent characterizing the interaction range. For discontinuous maps it is numerically shown that the transition belongs to the anomalous directed percolation (ADP) family of universality classes, previously identified for Levy-flight spreading of epidemic processes. For continuous maps, the critical exponents are different from those characterizing ADP, but apart from the nearest-neighbor case, the identification of the corresponding universality classes remains an open problem. Finally, to test the influence of deterministic correlations for the studied synchronization transitions, the chaotic dynamical evolutions are substituted by suitable stochastic models. In this framework and for the discontinuous case, it is possible to derive an effective Langevin description that corresponds to that proposed for ADP.

Critical lattice size limit for synchronized chaotic state in one- and two-dimensional diffusively coupled map lattices

We consider diffusively coupled map lattices with P neighbors (where P is arbitrary) and study the stability of the synchronized state. We show that there exists a critical lattice size beyond which the synchronized state is unstable. This generalizes earlier results for nearest neighbor coupling. We confirm the analytical results by performing numerical simulations on coupled map lattices with logistic map at each node. The above analysis is also extended to two-dimensional P -neighbor diffusively coupled map lattices.

Synchronization of extended chaotic systems with long-range interactions: an analogy to Lévy-flight spreading of epidemics

Spatially extended chaotic systems with power-law decaying interactions are considered. Two coupled replicas of such systems synchronize to a common spatiotemporal chaotic state above a certain coupling strength. The synchronization transition is studied as a nonequilibrium phase transition and its critical properties are analyzed at varying the interaction range. The transition is found to be always continuous, while the critical indexes vary with continuity with the power-law exponent characterizing the interaction. Strong numerical evidences indicate that the transition belongs to the anomalous directed percolation family of universality classes found for Lévy-flight spreading of epidemic processes.

Desynchronization in diluted neural networks

The dynamical behavior of a weakly diluted fully inhibitory network of pulse-coupled spiking neurons is investigated. Upon increasing the coupling strength, a transition from regular to stochasticlike regime is observed. In the weak-coupling phase, a periodic dynamics is rapidly approached, with all neurons firing with the same rate and mutually phase locked. The strong-coupling phase is characterized by an irregular pattern, even though the maximum Lyapunov exponent is negative. The paradox is solved by drawing an analogy with the phenomenon of "stable chaos," i.e., by observing that the stochasticlike behavior is "limited" to an exponentially long (with the system size) transient. Remarkably, the transient dynamics turns out to be stationary.

Synchronization universality classes and stability of smooth coupled map lattices

We study two problems related to spatially extended systems: the dynamical stability and the universality classes of the replica synchronization transition. We use a simple model of one-dimensional coupled map lattices and show that chaotic behavior implies that the synchronization transition belongs to the multiplicative noise universality class, while stable chaos implies that the synchronization transition belongs to the directed percolation universality class.

Hydrodynamic Lyapunov modes in coupled map lattices

In this paper, numerical and analytical results are presented which indicate that hydrodynamic Lyapunov modes (HLMs) also exist for coupled map lattices (CMLs). The dispersion relations for the HLMs of CMLs are found to fall into two different universality classes. It is characterized by lambda approximately k for coupled standard maps and lambda approximately k2 for coupled circle maps. The conditions under which HLMs can be observed are discussed. The role of the Hamiltonian structure, conservation laws, translational invariance, and damping is elaborated. Our results are as follows: (1) The Hamiltonian structure is not a necessary condition for the existence of HLMs. (2) Conservation laws or the translational invariance alone cannot guarantee the existence of HLMs. (3) Including a damping term in the system of coupled Hamiltonian maps does not destroy the HLMs. The lambda-k dispersion relation of HLMs, however, changes to the universality class with lambda-k2 under damping. In contrast, no HLMs survives in the system of coupled circle maps under damping. (4) An on-site potential destroys the HLMs. (5) The study of zero-value Lyapunov exponents (LEs) and associated Lyapunov vectors (LVs) shows that translational invariance and conservation laws play different roles in the tangent space dynamics. (6) The dynamics of the coordinate and momentum parts of LVs in Hamiltonian systems are related but different. Furthermore, numerical results for a two-dimensional system show that the appearance of HLMs in CMLs is not restricted to the one-dimensional case.

Dynamical behavior of hydrodynamic Lyapunov modes in coupled map lattices

In our previous study of hydrodynamic Lyapunov modes (HLMs) in coupled map lattices, we found that there are two classes of systems with different lambda-k dispersion relations. For coupled circle maps we found the quadratic dispersion relations lambda approximately k2 and lambda approximately k for coupled standard maps. Here, we carry out further numerical experiments to investigate the dynamic Lyapunov vector (LV) structure factor which can provide additional information on the Lyapunov vector dynamics. The dynamic LV structure factor of coupled circle maps is found to have a single peak at omega=0 and can be well approximated by a single Lorentzian curve. This implies that the hydrodynamic Lyapunov modes in coupled circle maps are nonpropagating and show only diffusive motion. In contrast, the dynamic LV structure factor of coupled standard maps possesses two visible sharp peaks located symmetrically at +/- omega. The spectrum can be well approximated by the superposition of three Lorentzian curves centered at omega=0 and +/-omegau, respectively. In addition, the omega-k dispersion relation takes the form omegau=cuk for k --> 2pi/L. These facts suggest that the hydrodynamic Lyapunov modes in coupled standard maps are propagating. The HLMs in the two classes of systems are shown to have different dynamical behavior besides their difference in spatial structure. Moreover, our simulations demonstrate that adding damping to coupled standard maps turns the propagating modes into diffusive ones alongside a change of the lambda-k dispersion relation from lambda approximately k to lambda approximately k2. In cases of weak damping, there is a crossover in the dynamic LV structure factors; i.e., the spectra with smaller k are akin to those of coupled circle maps while the spectra with larger k are similar to those of coupled standard maps.

Directed percolation with long-range interactions: Modeling nonequilibrium wetting

It is argued that some phase transitions observed in models of nonequilibrium wetting phenomena are related to contact processes with long-range interactions. This is investigated by introducing a model where the activation rate of a site at the edge of an inactive island of length l is 1+a l(-sigma) . Mean-field analysis and numerical simulations indicate that for sigma>1 the transition is continuous and belongs to the universality class of directed percolation, while for 0<sigma<1 , the transition becomes first order. This criterion is then applied to discuss critical properties of various models of nonequilibrium wetting.

From multiplicative noise to directed percolation in wetting transitions

A simple one-dimensional microscopic model of the depinning transition of an interface from an attractive hard wall is introduced and investigated. Upon varying a control parameter, the critical behavior observed along the transition line changes from a directed-percolation type to a multiplicative-noise type. Numerical simulations allow for a quantitative study of the multicritical point separating the two regions. Mean-field arguments and the mapping on yet a simpler model provide some further insight on the overall scenario.