1
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Zhiqiang Z, Arnold KJ, Kaewuam R, Barrett MD. 176Lu + clock comparison at the 10 -18 level via correlation spectroscopy. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadg1971. [PMID: 37134164 PMCID: PMC10156108 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The extreme precision of optical atomic clocks has led to an anticipated redefinition of the second by the International System of Units. Furthermore, accuracies pushing the boundary of 1 part in 1018 and beyond will enable new applications, such as in geodesy and tests of fundamental physics. The 1S0 to 3D1 optical transition in 176Lu+ has exceptionally low sensitivity to external perturbations, making it suitable for practical clock implementations with inaccuracy at or below 10-18. Here, we perform high-accuracy comparisons between two 176Lu+ references using correlation spectroscopy. A comparison at different magnetic fields is used to obtain a quadratic Zeeman coefficient of -4.89264(88) Hz/mT for the reference frequency. With a subsequent comparison at low field, we demonstrate agreement at the low 10-18 level, statistically limited by the averaging time of 42 hours. The evaluated uncertainty in the frequency difference is 9 × 10-19 and the lowest reported in comparing independent optical references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Zhiqiang
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Kyle J Arnold
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Temasek Laboratories, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Rattakorn Kaewuam
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- National Institute of Metrology, 3 4 Khlong Ha, Khlong Luang District, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Murray D Barrett
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117551, Singapore
- National Metrology Center, 8 Cleantech Loop, 01-20, Singapore 637145, Singapore
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2
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Cui K, Valencia J, Boyce KT, Clements ER, Leibrandt DR, Hume DB. Scalable Quantum Logic Spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:193603. [PMID: 36399738 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.193603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In quantum logic spectroscopy (QLS), one species of trapped ion is used as a sensor to detect the state of an otherwise inaccessible ion species. This extends precision measurements to a broader class of atomic and molecular systems for applications like atomic clocks and tests of fundamental physics. Here, we develop a new technique based on a Schrödinger cat interferometer to address the problem of scaling QLS to larger ion numbers. We demonstrate the basic features of this method using various combinations of ^{25}Mg^{+} logic ions and ^{27}Al^{+} spectroscopy ions. We observe higher detection efficiency by increasing the number of ^{25}Mg^{+} ions. Applied to multiple ^{27}Al^{+}, this method will improve the stability of high-accuracy optical clocks and could enable Heisenberg-limited QLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Cui
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- HEP Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
- Key Laboratory of Atomic Frequency Standards, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jose Valencia
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Kevin T Boyce
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Ethan R Clements
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - David R Leibrandt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - David B Hume
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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3
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Chermoshentsev DA, Shitikov AE, Lonshakov EA, Grechko GV, Sazhina EA, Kondratiev NM, Masalov AV, Bilenko IA, Lvovsky AI, Ulanov AE. Dual-laser self-injection locking to an integrated microresonator. Opt Express 2022; 30:17094-17105. [PMID: 36221539 DOI: 10.1364/oe.454687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diode laser self-injection locking (SIL) to a whispering gallery mode of a high quality factor resonator is a widely used method for laser linewidth narrowing and high-frequency noise suppression. SIL has already been used for the demonstration of ultra-low-noise photonic microwave oscillators and soliton microcomb generation and has a wide range of possible applications. Up to date, SIL was demonstrated only with a single laser. However, multi-frequency and narrow-linewidth laser sources are in high demand for modern telecommunication systems, quantum technologies, and microwave photonics. Here we experimentally demonstrate the dual-laser SIL of two multifrequency laser diodes to different modes of an integrated Si3N4 microresonator. Simultaneous spectrum collapse of both lasers, as well as linewidth narrowing and high-frequency noise suppression , as well as strong nonlinear interaction of the two fields with each other, are observed. Locking both lasers to the same mode results in a simultaneous frequency and phase stabilization and coherent addition of their outputs. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive dual-SIL theory and investigate the influence of lasers on each other caused by nonlinear effects in the microresonator.
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4
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Cole DC, Erickson SD, Zarantonello G, Horn KP, Hou PY, Wu JJ, Slichter DH, Reiter F, Koch CP, Leibfried D. Resource-Efficient Dissipative Entanglement of Two Trapped-Ion Qubits. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:080502. [PMID: 35275690 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.080502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a simplified method for dissipative generation of an entangled state of two trapped-ion qubits. Our implementation produces its target state faster and with higher fidelity than previous demonstrations of dissipative entanglement generation and eliminates the need for auxiliary ions. The entangled singlet state is generated in ∼7 ms with a fidelity of 0.949(4). The dominant source of infidelity is photon scattering. We discuss this error source and strategies for its mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Cole
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Stephen D Erickson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Giorgio Zarantonello
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Karl P Horn
- Theoretische Physik, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Pan-Yu Hou
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Jenny J Wu
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Daniel H Slichter
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Florentin Reiter
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christiane P Koch
- Theoretische Physik, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems and Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich Leibfried
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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5
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Young AW, Eckner WJ, Milner WR, Kedar D, Norcia MA, Oelker E, Schine N, Ye J, Kaufman AM. Half-minute-scale atomic coherence and high relative stability in a tweezer clock. Nature 2020; 588:408-13. [PMID: 33328666 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-3009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of large, low-entropy, highly coherent ensembles of identical quantum systems is fundamental for many studies in quantum metrology1, simulation2 and information3. However, the simultaneous realization of these properties remains a central challenge in quantum science across atomic and condensed-matter systems2,4-7. Here we leverage the favourable properties of tweezer-trapped alkaline-earth (strontium-88) atoms8-10, and introduce a hybrid approach to tailoring optical potentials that balances scalability, high-fidelity state preparation, site-resolved readout and preservation of atomic coherence. With this approach, we achieve trapping and optical-clock excited-state lifetimes exceeding 40 seconds in ensembles of approximately 150 atoms. This leads to half-minute-scale atomic coherence on an optical-clock transition, corresponding to quality factors well in excess of 1016. These coherence times and atom numbers reduce the effect of quantum projection noise to a level that is comparable with that of leading atomic systems, which use optical lattices to interrogate many thousands of atoms in parallel11,12. The result is a relative fractional frequency stability of 5.2(3) × 10-17τ-1/2 (where τ is the averaging time in seconds) for synchronous clock comparisons between sub-ensembles within the tweezer array. When further combined with the microscopic control and readout that are available in this system, these results pave the way towards long-lived engineered entanglement on an optical-clock transition13 in tailored atom arrays.
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6
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Clements ER, Kim ME, Cui K, Hankin AM, Brewer SM, Valencia J, Chen JS, Chou CW, Leibrandt DR, Hume DB. Lifetime-Limited Interrogation of Two Independent ^{27}Al^{+} Clocks Using Correlation Spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:243602. [PMID: 33412042 PMCID: PMC8646206 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.243602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Laser decoherence limits the stability of optical clocks by broadening the observable resonance linewidths and adding noise during the dead time between clock probes. Correlation spectroscopy avoids these limitations by measuring correlated atomic transitions between two ensembles, which provides a frequency difference measurement independent of laser noise. Here, we apply this technique to perform stability measurements between two independent clocks based on the ^{1}S_{0}↔^{3}P_{0} transition in ^{27}Al^{+}. By stabilizing the dominant sources of differential phase noise between the two clocks, we observe coherence between them during synchronous Ramsey interrogations as long as 8 s at a frequency of 1.12×10^{15} Hz. The observed contrast in the correlation spectroscopy signal is consistent with the 20.6 s ^{3}P_{0} state lifetime and represents a measurement instability of (1.8±0.5)×10^{-16}/sqrt[τ/s] for averaging periods longer than the probe duration when dead time is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R. Clements
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - May E. Kim
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Kaifeng Cui
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- HEP Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Aaron M. Hankin
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Samuel M. Brewer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Jose Valencia
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Jwo-Sy Chen
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Chin-Wen Chou
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - David R. Leibrandt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - David B. Hume
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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7
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Schulte M, Lisdat C, Schmidt PO, Sterr U, Hammerer K. Prospects and challenges for squeezing-enhanced optical atomic clocks. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5955. [PMID: 33235213 PMCID: PMC7686368 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19403-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical atomic clocks are a driving force for precision measurements due to the high accuracy and stability demonstrated in recent years. While further improvements to the stability have been envisioned by using entangled atoms, squeezing the quantum mechanical projection noise, evaluating the overall gain must incorporate essential features of an atomic clock. Here, we investigate the benefits of spin squeezed states for clocks operated with typical Brownian frequency noise-limited laser sources. Based on an analytic model of the closed servo-loop of an optical atomic clock, we report here quantitative predictions on the optimal clock stability for a given dead time and laser noise. Our analytic predictions are in good agreement with numerical simulations of the closed servo-loop. We find that for usual cyclic Ramsey interrogation of single atomic ensembles with dead time, even with the current most stable lasers spin squeezing can only improve the clock stability for ensembles below a critical atom number of about one thousand in an optical Sr lattice clock. Even with a future improvement of the laser performance by one order of magnitude the critical atom number still remains below 100,000. In contrast, clocks based on smaller, non-scalable ensembles, such as ion clocks, can already benefit from squeezed states with current clock lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Schulte
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert-Einstein-Institute), Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstrasse 2, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Christian Lisdat
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Piet O Schmidt
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Leibniz University Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Uwe Sterr
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Hammerer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert-Einstein-Institute), Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstrasse 2, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
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8
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Pezzè L, Smerzi A. Heisenberg-Limited Noisy Atomic Clock Using a Hybrid Coherent and Squeezed State Protocol. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:210503. [PMID: 33274961 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.210503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We propose a hybrid quantum-classical atomic clock where the interrogation of atoms prepared in a spin-coherent (or weakly squeezed) state is used to feed back one or more highly spin-squeezed atomic states toward their optimal phase-sensitivity point. The hybrid clock overcomes the stability of a single Ramsey clock using coherent or optimal spin-squeezed states and reaches a Heisenberg-limited stability while avoiding nondestructive measurements. When optimized with respect to the total number of particles, the protocol surpasses the state-of-the-art proposals that use Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger or NOON states. We compare analytical predictions with numerical simulations of clock operations, including correlated 1/f local oscillator noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pezzè
- QSTAR, INO-CNR and LENS, Largo Enrico Fermi 2, 50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - Augusto Smerzi
- QSTAR, INO-CNR and LENS, Largo Enrico Fermi 2, 50125 Firenze, Italy
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9
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Abstract
Optical frequency combs were introduced around 20 years ago as a laser technology that could synthesize and count the ultrafast rate of the oscillating cycles of light. Functioning in a manner analogous to a clockwork of gears, the frequency comb phase-coherently upconverts a radio frequency signal by a factor of [Formula: see text] to provide a vast array of evenly spaced optical frequencies, which is the comb for which the device is named. It also divides an optical frequency down to a radio frequency, or translates its phase to any other optical frequency across hundreds of terahertz of bandwidth. We review the historical backdrop against which this powerful tool for coherently uniting the electromagnetic spectrum developed. Advances in frequency comb functionality, physical implementation, and application are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Diddams
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kerry Vahala
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Thomas Udem
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany.
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10
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Kaewuam R, Tan TR, Arnold KJ, Chanu SR, Zhang Z, Barrett MD. Hyperfine Averaging by Dynamic Decoupling in a Multi-Ion Lutetium Clock. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:083202. [PMID: 32167337 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.083202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a scheme that realizes hyperfine averaging during a Ramsey interrogation of a clock transition. The method eliminates the need to average over multiple optical transitions, reduces the sensitivity of the clock to its environment, and reduces inhomogeneous broadening in a multi-ion clock. The method is compatible with autobalanced Ramsey spectroscopy, which facilitates the elimination of residual shifts due to imperfect implementation and ac stark shifts from the optical probe. We demonstrate the scheme using correlation spectroscopy of the ^{1}S_{0}↔^{3}D_{1} clock transition in a three-ion Lu^{+} clock. From the demonstration we are able to provide a measurement of the ^{3}D_{1} quadrupole moment, Θ(^{3}D_{1})=0.634(9)ea_{0}^{2}.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kaewuam
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore
| | - T R Tan
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, 117551 Singapore
| | - K J Arnold
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore
| | - S R Chanu
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore
| | - M D Barrett
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, 117551 Singapore
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11
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Manovitz T, Shaniv R, Shapira Y, Ozeri R, Akerman N. Precision Measurement of Atomic Isotope Shifts Using a Two-Isotope Entangled State. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:203001. [PMID: 31809090 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.203001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atomic isotope shifts (ISs) are the isotope-dependent energy differences between atomic electron energy levels. These shifts have an important role in atomic and nuclear physics, and have been recently suggested as unique probes of physics beyond the standard model under the condition that they are determined significantly more precisely than the current state of the art. In this Letter, we present a simple and robust method for measuring ISs by taking advantage of Hilbert subspaces that are insensitive to common-mode noise yet sensitive to the IS. Using this method we evaluate the IS of the 5S_{1/2}↔4D_{5/2} transition between ^{86}Sr^{+} and ^{88}Sr^{+} with a 1.6×10^{-11} relative uncertainty to be 570 264 063.435(5)(8) (statistical)(systematic) Hz. Furthermore, we detect a relative difference of 3.46(23)×10^{-8} between the orbital g factors of the electrons in the 4D_{5/2} level of the two isotopes. Our method is relatively easy to implement and is indifferent to element or isotope, paving the way for future tabletop searches for new physics, posing interesting prospects for testing quantum many-body calculations, and for the study of nuclear structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Manovitz
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ravid Shaniv
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yotam Shapira
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Roee Ozeri
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nitzan Akerman
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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12
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Hutson RB, Goban A, Marti GE, Sonderhouse L, Sanner C, Ye J. Engineering Quantum States of Matter for Atomic Clocks in Shallow Optical Lattices. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:123401. [PMID: 31633951 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.123401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effects of stimulated scattering of optical lattice photons on atomic coherence times in a state-of-the art ^{87}Sr optical lattice clock. Such scattering processes are found to limit the achievable coherence times to less than 12 s (corresponding to a quality factor of 1×10^{16}), significantly shorter than the predicted 145(40) s lifetime of ^{87}Sr's excited clock state. We suggest that shallow, state-independent optical lattices with increased lattice constants can give rise to sufficiently small lattice photon scattering and motional dephasing rates as to enable coherence times on the order of the clock transition's natural lifetime. Not only should this scheme be compatible with the relatively high atomic density associated with Fermi-degenerate gases in three-dimensional optical lattices, but we anticipate that certain properties of various quantum states of matter-such as the localization of atoms in a Mott insulator-can be used to suppress dephasing due to tunneling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross B Hutson
- JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 390 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Akihisa Goban
- JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 390 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - G Edward Marti
- JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 390 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Lindsay Sonderhouse
- JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 390 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Christian Sanner
- JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 390 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Jun Ye
- JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 390 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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13
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Hankin AM, Clements ER, Huang Y, Brewer SM, Chen JS, Chou CW, Hume DB, Leibrandt DR. Systematic uncertainty due to background-gas collisions in trapped-ion optical clocks. Phys Rev A (Coll Park) 2019; 100:10.1103/physreva.100.033419. [PMID: 36452133 PMCID: PMC9706596 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.100.033419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We describe a framework for calculating the frequency shift and uncertainty of trapped-ion optical atomic clocks caused by background-gas collisions, and apply this framework to an 27Al+ clock to enable a total fractional systematic uncertainty below 10-18. For this clock, with 38(19) nPa of room-temperature H2 background gas, we find that collisional heating generates a non-thermal distribution of motional states with a mean time-dilation shift of order 10-16 at the end of a 150 ms probe, which is not detected by sideband thermometry energy measurements. However, the contribution of collisional heating to the spectroscopy signal is highly suppressed and we calculate the BGC shift to be -0.6(2.4) × 10-19, where the shift is due to collisional heating time dilation and the uncertainty is dominated by the worst case ±π/2 bound used for collisional phase shift of the 27Al+ superposition state. We experimentally validate the framework and determine the background-gas pressure in situ using measurements of the rate of collisions that cause reordering of mixed-species ion pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Hankin
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - E. R. Clements
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Y. Huang
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - S. M. Brewer
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - J.-S. Chen
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - C. W. Chou
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D. B. Hume
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D. R. Leibrandt
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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14
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Tan TR, Kaewuam R, Arnold KJ, Chanu SR, Zhang Z, Safronova MS, Barrett MD. Suppressing Inhomogeneous Broadening in a Lutetium Multi-ion Optical Clock. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:063201. [PMID: 31491162 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.063201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate precision measurement and control of inhomogeneous broadening in a multi-ion clock consisting of three ^{176}Lu^{+} ions. Microwave spectroscopy between hyperfine states in the ^{3}D_{1} level is used to characterize differential systematic shifts between ions, most notably those associated with the electric quadrupole moment. By appropriate alignment of the magnetic field, we demonstrate suppression of these effects to the ∼10^{-17} level relative to the ^{1}S_{0}↔^{3}D_{1} optical transition frequency. Correlation spectroscopy on the optical transition demonstrates the feasibility of a 10-s Ramsey interrogation in the three ion configuration with a corresponding projection noise limited stability of σ(τ)=8.2×10^{-17}/sqrt[τ].
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Tan
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, 117551 Singapore
| | - R Kaewuam
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore
| | - K J Arnold
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore
| | - S R Chanu
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore
| | - M S Safronova
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M D Barrett
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, 117551 Singapore
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15
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Brewer SM, Chen JS, Hankin AM, Clements ER, Chou CW, Wineland DJ, Hume DB, Leibrandt DR. ^{27}Al^{+} Quantum-Logic Clock with a Systematic Uncertainty below 10^{-18}. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:033201. [PMID: 31386450 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.033201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We describe an optical atomic clock based on quantum-logic spectroscopy of the ^{1}S_{0}↔^{3}P_{0} transition in ^{27}Al^{+} with a systematic uncertainty of 9.4×10^{-19} and a frequency stability of 1.2×10^{-15}/sqrt[τ]. A ^{25}Mg^{+} ion is simultaneously trapped with the ^{27}Al^{+} ion and used for sympathetic cooling and state readout. Improvements in a new trap have led to reduced secular motion heating, compared to previous ^{27}Al^{+} clocks, enabling clock operation with ion secular motion near the three-dimensional ground state. Operating the clock with a lower trap drive frequency has reduced excess micromotion compared to previous ^{27}Al^{+} clocks. Both of these improvements have led to a reduced time-dilation shift uncertainty. Other systematic uncertainties including those due to blackbody radiation and the second-order Zeeman effect have also been reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Brewer
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - J-S Chen
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - A M Hankin
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - E R Clements
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - C W Chou
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D J Wineland
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - D B Hume
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D R Leibrandt
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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16
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Shaniv R, Akerman N, Manovitz T, Shapira Y, Ozeri R. Quadrupole Shift Cancellation Using Dynamic Decoupling. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:223204. [PMID: 31283290 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.223204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a method that uses radio-frequency pulses to cancel the quadrupole shift in optical clock transitions. Quadrupole shifts are an inherent inhomogeneous broadening mechanism in trapped ion crystals and impose one of the limitations forcing current optical ion clocks to work with a single probe ion. Canceling this shift, at each interrogation cycle of the ion frequency, reduces the complexity in using N>1 ions in clocks, thus allowing for a reduction of the instability in the clock frequency by sqrt[N] according to the standard quantum limit. Our sequence relies on the tensorial nature of the quadrupole shift, and thus also cancels other tensorial shifts, such as the tensor ac stark shift. We experimentally demonstrate our sequence on three and seven ^{88}Sr^{+} ions trapped in a linear Paul trap, using correlation spectroscopy. We show a reduction of the quadrupole shift difference between ions to the ≈10 mHz level where other shifts, such as the relativistic second-order Doppler shift, are expected to limit our spectral resolution. In addition, we show that using radio-frequency dynamic decoupling we can also cancel the effect of first-order Zeeman shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravid Shaniv
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Nitzan Akerman
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tom Manovitz
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yotam Shapira
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Roee Ozeri
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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17
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Yu J, Qin Y, Yan Z, Lu H, Jia X. Improvement of the intensity noise and frequency stabilization of Nd:YAP laser with an ultra-low expansion Fabry-Perot cavity. Opt Express 2019; 27:3247-3254. [PMID: 30732348 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.003247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Continuous-wave, single-frequency, solid-state lasers with long-term frequency stability and low-intensity noise are an essential resource to generate squeezed and entangled states of light. In order to obtain the stable, nonclassical states of light, the frequency of the laser has to be stabilized with a stable reference. Due to the zero expansion property at a certain temperature, an ultra-low expansion (ULE) Fabry-Perot (F-P) cavity with a high finesse can be used as one of the best candidates of the frequency reference. We perform a detailed analysis of an extraordinarily high-frequency stability and ultra-low-intensity noise laser based on an improved cascade Pound-Drever-Hall frequency stabilization to a ULE F-P cavity. The frequency drift of the laser is suppressed to 7.72 MHz in 4 hours, and the noise level of the laser is simultaneously reduced to the quantum noise limit in the frequency below 300 kHz, which provides the possibility for the direct generation of a stable, high-level squeezed state in a lower-frequency region.
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18
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Abstract
We review experimental progress on optical atomic clocks and frequency transfer, and consider the prospects of using these technologies for geodetic measurements. Today, optical atomic frequency standards have reached relative frequency inaccuracies below 10-17, opening new fields of fundamental and applied research. The dependence of atomic frequencies on the gravitational potential makes atomic clocks ideal candidates for the search for deviations in the predictions of Einstein's general relativity, tests of modern unifying theories and the development of new gravity field sensors. In this review, we introduce the concepts of optical atomic clocks and present the status of international clock development and comparison. Besides further improvement in stability and accuracy of today's best clocks, a large effort is put into increasing the reliability and technological readiness for applications outside of specialized laboratories with compact, portable devices. With relative frequency uncertainties of 10-18, comparisons of optical frequency standards are foreseen to contribute together with satellite and terrestrial data to the precise determination of fundamental height reference systems in geodesy with a resolution at the cm-level. The long-term stability of atomic standards will deliver excellent long-term height references for geodetic measurements and for the modelling and understanding of our Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja E Mehlstäubler
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
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19
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Sinclair LC, Bergeron H, Swann WC, Baumann E, Deschênes JD, Newbury NR. Comparing Optical Oscillators across the Air to Milliradians in Phase and 10^{-17} in Frequency. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:050801. [PMID: 29481163 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.050801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate carrier-phase optical two-way time-frequency transfer (carrier-phase OTWTFT) through the two-way exchange of frequency comb pulses. Carrier-phase OTWTFT achieves frequency comparisons with a residual instability of 1.2×10^{-17} at 1 s across a turbulent 4-km free space link, surpassing previous OTWTFT by 10-20 times and enabling future high-precision optical clock networks. Furthermore, by exploiting the carrier phase, this approach is able to continuously track changes in the relative optical phase of distant optical oscillators to 9 mrad (7 as) at 1 s averaging, effectively extending optical phase coherence over a broad spatial network for applications such as correlated spectroscopy between distant atomic clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Sinclair
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Hugo Bergeron
- Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - William C Swann
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Esther Baumann
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | | | - Nathan R Newbury
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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20
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Campbell SL, Hutson RB, Marti GE, Goban A, Darkwah Oppong N, McNally RL, Sonderhouse L, Robinson JM, Zhang W, Bloom BJ, Ye J. A Fermi-degenerate three-dimensional optical lattice clock. Science 2018; 358:90-94. [PMID: 28983047 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam5538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Strontium optical lattice clocks have the potential to simultaneously interrogate millions of atoms with a high spectroscopic quality factor of 4 × 1017 Previously, atomic interactions have forced a compromise between clock stability, which benefits from a large number of atoms, and accuracy, which suffers from density-dependent frequency shifts. Here we demonstrate a scalable solution that takes advantage of the high, correlated density of a degenerate Fermi gas in a three-dimensional (3D) optical lattice to guard against on-site interaction shifts. We show that contact interactions are resolved so that their contribution to clock shifts is orders of magnitude lower than in previous experiments. A synchronous clock comparison between two regions of the 3D lattice yields a measurement precision of 5 × 10-19 in 1 hour of averaging time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Campbell
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and University of Colorado Boulder, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, 390 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - R B Hutson
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and University of Colorado Boulder, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, 390 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - G E Marti
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and University of Colorado Boulder, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - A Goban
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and University of Colorado Boulder, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - N Darkwah Oppong
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and University of Colorado Boulder, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - R L McNally
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and University of Colorado Boulder, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, 390 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - L Sonderhouse
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and University of Colorado Boulder, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, 390 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - J M Robinson
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and University of Colorado Boulder, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, 390 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - W Zhang
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and University of Colorado Boulder, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - B J Bloom
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and University of Colorado Boulder, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, 390 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - J Ye
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and University of Colorado Boulder, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, 390 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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21
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Huang S, Zhu T, Yin G, Lan T, Huang L, Li F, Bai Y, Qu D, Huang X, Qiu F. Tens of hertz narrow-linewidth laser based on stimulated Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering. Opt Lett 2017; 42:5286-5289. [PMID: 29240194 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.005286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We proposed and demonstrated a linewidth compression method of a laser based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and a Rayleigh backscattering structure (RBS). The relationship between the output SBS laser linewidth and the input pump linewidth was studied theoretically and experimentally. It is shown that the narrower linewidth of the pump laser leads to the narrower bandwidth of the SBS gain and, finally, the bandwidth of the SBS will tend to its intrinsic value as the linewidth of a pump laser narrower than 10 kHz; then the linewidth of an SBS fiber ring laser would tend to 200 Hz. In order to further reduce its linewidth with low cost, RBS and a simple dual-cavity feedback structure were added and, finally, a ∼75 Hz narrow-linewidth laser with a side-mode suppression ratio of 70 dB was obtained.
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22
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Chen JS, Brewer SM, Chou CW, Wineland DJ, Leibrandt DR, Hume DB. Sympathetic Ground State Cooling and Time-Dilation Shifts in an ^{27}Al^{+} Optical Clock. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:053002. [PMID: 28211723 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.053002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on Raman sideband cooling of ^{25}Mg^{+} to sympathetically cool the secular modes of motion in a ^{25}Mg^{+}-^{27}Al^{+} two-ion pair to near the three-dimensional (3D) ground state. The evolution of the Fock-state distribution during the cooling process is studied using a rate-equation simulation, and various heating sources that limit the efficiency of 3D sideband cooling in our system are discussed. We characterize the residual energy and heating rates of all of the secular modes of motion and estimate a secular motion time-dilation shift of -(1.9±0.1)×10^{-18} for an ^{27}Al^{+} clock at a typical clock probe duration of 150 ms. This is a 50-fold reduction in the secular motion time-dilation shift uncertainty in comparison with previous ^{27}Al^{+} clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-S Chen
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - S M Brewer
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - C W Chou
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D J Wineland
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - D R Leibrandt
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - D B Hume
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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23
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Schulte M, Lörch N, Leroux ID, Schmidt PO, Hammerer K. Quantum Algorithmic Readout in Multi-Ion Clocks. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:013002. [PMID: 26799016 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.013002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Optical clocks based on ensembles of trapped ions promise record frequency accuracy with good short-term stability. Most suitable ion species lack closed transitions, so the clock signal must be read out indirectly by transferring the quantum state of the clock ions to cotrapped logic ions of a different species. Existing methods of quantum logic readout require a linear overhead in either time or the number of logic ions. Here we describe a quantum algorithmic readout whose overhead scales logarithmically with the number of clock ions in both of these respects. The scheme allows a quantum nondemolition readout of the number of excited clock ions using a single multispecies gate operation which can also be used in other areas of ion trap technology such as quantum information processing, quantum simulations, metrology, and precision spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schulte
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert-Einstein-Institute), Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstrasse 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - N Lörch
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert-Einstein-Institute), Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstrasse 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - I D Leroux
- QUEST Institut, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - P O Schmidt
- QUEST Institut, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Leibniz University Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - K Hammerer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert-Einstein-Institute), Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstrasse 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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24
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Liang W, Ilchenko VS, Eliyahu D, Savchenkov AA, Matsko AB, Seidel D, Maleki L. Ultralow noise miniature external cavity semiconductor laser. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7371. [PMID: 26104321 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced applications in optical metrology demand improved lasers with high spectral purity, in form factors that are small and insensitive to environmental perturbations. While laboratory-scale lasers with extraordinarily high stability and low noise have been reported, all-integrated chip-scale devices with sub-100 Hz linewidth have not been previously demonstrated. Lasers integrated with optical microresonators as external cavities have the potential for substantial reduction of noise. However, stability and spectral purity improvements of these lasers have only been validated with rack-mounted support equipment, assembled with fibre lasers to marginally improve their noise performance. In this work we report on a realization of a heterogeneously integrated, chip-scale semiconductor laser featuring 30-Hz integral linewidth as well as sub-Hz instantaneous linewidth.
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25
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Wilson AC, Colombe Y, Brown KR, Knill E, Leibfried D, Wineland DJ. Tunable spin-spin interactions and entanglement of ions in separate potential wells. Nature 2014; 512:57-60. [PMID: 25100480 DOI: 10.1038/nature13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Quantum simulation--the use of one quantum system to simulate a less controllable one--may provide an understanding of the many quantum systems which cannot be modelled using classical computers. Considerable progress in control and manipulation has been achieved for various quantum systems, but one of the remaining challenges is the implementation of scalable devices. In this regard, individual ions trapped in separate tunable potential wells are promising. Here we implement the basic features of this approach and demonstrate deterministic tuning of the Coulomb interaction between two ions, independently controlling their local wells. The scheme is suitable for emulating a range of spin-spin interactions, but to characterize the performance of our set-up we select one that entangles the internal states of the two ions with a fidelity of 0.82(1) (the digit in parentheses shows the standard error of the mean). Extension of this building block to a two-dimensional network, which is possible using ion-trap microfabrication processes, may provide a new quantum simulator architecture with broad flexibility in designing and scaling the arrangement of ions and their mutual interactions. To perform useful quantum simulations, including those of condensed-matter phenomena such as the fractional quantum Hall effect, an array of tens of ions might be sufficient.
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26
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Biedermann GW, Takase K, Wu X, Deslauriers L, Roy S, Kasevich MA. Zero-dead-time operation of interleaved atomic clocks. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:170802. [PMID: 24206471 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.170802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a zero-dead-time operation of atomic clocks. This clock reduces sensitivity to local oscillator noise, integrating as nearly 1/τ whereas a clock with dead time integrates as 1/τ(1/2) under identical conditions. We contend that a similar scheme may be applied to improve the stability of optical clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Biedermann
- Physics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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27
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McFerran JJ, Yi L, Mejri S, Di Manno S, Zhang W, Guéna J, Le Coq Y, Bize S. Neutral atom frequency reference in the deep ultraviolet with fractional uncertainty = 5.7×10(-15). Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:183004. [PMID: 22681071 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.183004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present an assessment of the (6s2) (1)S0 ↔ (6s6p)(3)P0 clock transition frequency in 199Hg with an uncertainty reduction of nearly 3 orders of magnitude and demonstrate an atomic quality factor Q of ∼10(14). The 199Hg atoms are confined in a vertical lattice trap with light at the newly determined magic wavelength of 362.5697±0.0011 nm and at a lattice depth of 20E(R). The atoms are loaded from a single-stage magneto-optical trap with cooling light at 253.7 nm. The high Q factor is obtained with an 80 ms Rabi pulse at 265.6 nm. We find the frequency of the clock transition to be 1,128,575,290,808,162.0±6.4(syst)±0.3(stat) Hz (i.e., with fractional uncertainty=5.7×10(-15)). Neither an atom number nor second order Zeeman dependence has yet been detected. Only three laser wavelengths are used for the cooling, lattice trapping, probing, and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J McFerran
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014, Paris, France.
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28
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Campbell CJ, Radnaev AG, Kuzmich A, Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV, Derevianko A. Single-ion nuclear clock for metrology at the 19th decimal place. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:120802. [PMID: 22540568 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.120802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The 7.6(5) eV nuclear magnetic-dipole transition in a single 229Th3+ ion may provide the foundation for an optical clock of superb accuracy. A virtual clock transition composed of stretched states within the 5F(5/2) electronic ground level of both nuclear ground and isomeric manifolds is proposed. It is shown to offer unprecedented systematic shift suppression, allowing for clock performance with a total fractional inaccuracy approaching 1×10(-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Campbell
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, USA.
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