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Choi YW, Cohen ML. Resonantly Enhanced Electromigration Forces for Adsorbates on Graphene. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:206801. [PMID: 36461986 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.206801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the electromigration forces for weakly bonded adsorbates on graphene by using density-functional based calculations. We find that the nature of electromigration forces on an adsorbate critically depends on the energy level alignment between the adsorbate state and the Fermi level of the graphene. For a resonant adsorbate, whose frontier orbitals lie close to the Fermi level, the electromigration force is dominated by the electron wind force that is strongly enhanced along the electron flow direction, irrespective of the sign of the adsorbate charge. For a nonresonant adsorbate, the electromigration force is essentially the direct force that depends on the adsorbate charge. We also show that the magnitude of electromigration forces can be continuously tunable through electrostatic gating for resonant adsorbates. Our results provide new insight for understanding and controlling how nanoscale objects behave in or on host materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Woo Choi
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Marvin L Cohen
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Melinte G, Moldovan S, Hirlimann C, Liu X, Bégin-Colin S, Bégin D, Banhart F, Pham-Huu C, Ersen O. Towards nanoprinting with metals on graphene. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8071. [PMID: 26314620 PMCID: PMC4560798 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene and carbon nanotubes are envisaged as suitable materials for the fabrication of the new generation of nanoelectronics. The controlled patterning of such nanostructures with metal nanoparticles is conditioned by the transfer between a recipient and the surface to pattern. Electromigration under the impact of an applied voltage stands at the base of printing discrete digits at the nanoscale. Here we report the use of carbon nanotubes as nanoreservoirs for iron nanoparticles transfer on few-layer graphene. An initial Joule-induced annealing is required to ensure the control of the mass transfer with the nanotube acting as a ‘pen' for the writing process. By applying a voltage, the tube filled with metal nanoparticles can deposit metal on the surface of the graphene sheet at precise locations. The reverse transfer of nanoparticles from the graphene surface to the nanotube when changing the voltage polarity opens the way for error corrections. The precise delivery of materials onto graphene is important for nano-processing but little is known about the mechanisms of such processes. Here, the authors use a range of microscopic techniques for the real-time observation of nanoparticle transfer from the inner channel of a carbon nanotube onto graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Melinte
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23, rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France.,Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS, ECPM, Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 25, rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - S Moldovan
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23, rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
| | - C Hirlimann
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23, rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
| | - X Liu
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23, rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
| | - S Bégin-Colin
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23, rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
| | - D Bégin
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS, ECPM, Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 25, rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - F Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23, rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
| | - C Pham-Huu
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS, ECPM, Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 25, rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - O Ersen
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23, rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
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Abstract
With the development of in situ techniques inside transmission electron microscopes (TEMs), external fields and probes can be applied to the specimen. This development transforms the TEM specimen chamber into a nanolab, in which reactions, structures, and properties can be activated or altered at the nanoscale, and all processes can be simultaneously recorded in real time with atomic resolution. Consequently, the capabilities of TEM are extended beyond static structural characterization to the dynamic observation of the changes in specimen structures or properties in response to environmental stimuli. This extension introduces new possibilities for understanding the relationships between structures, unique properties, and functions of nanomaterials at the atomic scale. Based on the idea of setting up a nanolab inside a TEM, tactics for design of in situ experiments inside the machine, as well as corresponding examples in nanomaterial research, including in situ growth, nanofabrication with atomic precision, in situ property characterization, and nanodevice construction are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
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Ma XG, Lai PY, Ackerson BJ, Tong P. Colloidal dynamics over a tilted periodic potential: Nonequilibrium steady-state distributions. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2015; 91:042306. [PMID: 25974490 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.042306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a systematic study of the effects of the external force F on the nonequilibrium steady-state (NESS) dynamics of the diffusing particles over a tilted periodic potential, in which detailed balance is broken due to the presence of a steady particle flux. A tilted two-layer colloidal system is constructed for this study. The periodic potential is provided by the bottom-layer colloidal spheres forming a fixed crystalline pattern on a glass substrate. The corrugated surface of the bottom colloidal crystal provides a gravitational potential field for the top-layer diffusing particles. By tilting the sample at an angle θ with respect to the vertical (gravity) direction, a tangential component of the gravitational force F is applied to the diffusing particles. The measured NESS probability density function P(ss)(x,y) of the particles is found to deviate from the equilibrium distribution P(x,y) to a different extent, depending on the driving or distance from equilibrium. The experimental results are compared with the exact solution of the one-dimensional (1D) Smoluchowski equation and the numerical results of the 2D Smoluchowski equation. From the obtained exact solution of the 1D Smoluchowski equation, we develop an analytical method to accurately extract the 1D potential U(0)(x) from the measured P(ss)(x). This work demonstrates that the tilted periodic potential provides a useful platform for the study of forced barrier-crossing dynamics beyond the Arrhenius-Kramers equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-guang Ma
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Pik-Yin Lai
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Systems, National Central University, Chungli, Taiwan 320, R.O.C
- Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences, Kuang Fu Road 101, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, R.O.C
| | - Bruce J Ackerson
- Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
| | - Penger Tong
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Ma XG, Lai PY, Ackerson BJ, Tong P. Colloidal transport and diffusion over a tilted periodic potential: dynamics of individual particles. Soft Matter 2015; 11:1182-1196. [PMID: 25562695 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02387k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A tilted two-layer colloidal system is constructed for the study of force-assisted barrier-crossing dynamics over a periodic potential. The periodic potential is provided by the bottom layer colloidal spheres forming a fixed crystalline pattern on a glass substrate. The corrugated surface of the bottom colloidal crystal provides a gravitational potential field for the top layer diffusing particles. By tilting the sample at an angle θ with respect to the vertical (gravity) direction, a tangential component of the gravitational force F is applied to the diffusing particles. The measured mean drift velocity v(F, Eb) and diffusion coefficient D(F, Eb) of the particles as a function of F and energy barrier height Eb agree well with the exact results of the one-dimensional drift velocity (R. L. Stratonovich, Radiotekh. Elektron, 1958, 3, 497) and diffusion coefficient (P. Reimann, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 2001, 87, 010602 and P. Reimann, et al., Phys. Rev. E, 2002, 65, 031104). Based on these exact results, we show analytically and verify experimentally that there exists a scaling region, in which v(F, Eb) and D(F, Eb) both scale as ν'(F)exp[-E(F)/kBT], where the Arrhenius pre-factor ν'(F) and effective barrier height E(F) are both modified by F. The experiment demonstrates the applications of this model system in evaluating different scaling forms of ν'(F) and E(F) and their accuracy, in order to extract useful information about the external potential, such as the intrinsic barrier height Eb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-guang Ma
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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