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de Villa K, González-Cataldo F, Militzer B. Double superionicity in icy compounds at planetary interior conditions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7580. [PMID: 37990010 PMCID: PMC10663582 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The elements hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen are assumed to comprise the bulk of the interiors of the ice giant planets Uranus, Neptune, and sub-Neptune exoplanets. The details of their interior structures have remained largely unknown because it is not understood how the compounds H2O, NH3 and CH4 behave and react once they have been accreted and exposed to high pressures and temperatures. Here we study thirteen H-C-N-O compounds with ab initio computer simulations and demonstrate that they assume a superionic state at elevated temperatures, in which the hydrogen ions diffuse through a stable sublattice that is provided by the larger nuclei. At yet higher temperatures, four of the thirteen compounds undergo a second transition to a novel doubly superionic state, in which the smallest of the heavy nuclei diffuse simultaneously with hydrogen ions through the remaining sublattice. Since this transition and the melting transition at yet higher temperatures are both of first order, this may introduce additional layers in the mantle of ice giant planets and alter their convective patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla de Villa
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Felipe González-Cataldo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Burkhard Militzer
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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2
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Sio H, Krygier A, Braun DG, Rudd RE, Bonev SA, Coppari F, Millot M, Fratanduono DE, Bhandarkar N, Bitter M, Bradley DK, Efthimion PC, Eggert JH, Gao L, Hill KW, Hood R, Hsing W, Izumi N, Kemp G, Kozioziemski B, Landen OL, Le Galloudec K, Lockard TE, Mackinnon A, McNaney JM, Ose N, Park HS, Remington BA, Schneider MB, Stoupin S, Thorn DB, Vonhof S, Wu CJ, Ping Y. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure of dynamically-compressed copper up to 1 terapascal. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7046. [PMID: 37949859 PMCID: PMC10638371 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42684-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Large laser facilities have recently enabled material characterization at the pressures of Earth and Super-Earth cores. However, the temperature of the compressed materials has been largely unknown, or solely relied on models and simulations, due to lack of diagnostics under these challenging conditions. Here, we report on temperature, density, pressure, and local structure of copper determined from extended x-ray absorption fine structure and velocimetry up to 1 Terapascal. These results nearly double the highest pressure at which extended x-ray absorption fine structure has been reported in any material. In this work, the copper temperature is unexpectedly found to be much higher than predicted when adjacent to diamond layer(s), demonstrating the important influence of the sample environment on the thermal state of materials; this effect may introduce additional temperature uncertainties in some previous experiments using diamond and provides new guidance for future experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sio
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.
| | - A Krygier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - D G Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - R E Rudd
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - S A Bonev
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - M Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - D E Fratanduono
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - N Bhandarkar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - M Bitter
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, 100 Stellarator Rd, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - P C Efthimion
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, 100 Stellarator Rd, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - L Gao
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, 100 Stellarator Rd, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - K W Hill
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, 100 Stellarator Rd, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - R Hood
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - W Hsing
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - N Izumi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - G Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - B Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - K Le Galloudec
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - T E Lockard
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - A Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - J M McNaney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - N Ose
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - H-S Park
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - B A Remington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - S Stoupin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - D B Thorn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - S Vonhof
- General Atomics, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - C J Wu
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
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Li Z, Wang X, Hou Y, Yu Y, Li G, Hao L, Li X, Geng H, Dai C, Wu Q, Mao HK, Hu J. Quantifying the partial ionization effect of gold in the transition region between condensed matter and warm dense matter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300066120. [PMID: 37186821 PMCID: PMC10214124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300066120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well known that solids under ultra-high-pressure shock compression will enter the warm dense matter (WDM) regime which connects condensed matter and hot plasma. How condensed matter turns into the WDM, however, remains largely unexplored due to the lack of data in the transition pressure range. In this letter, by employing the unique high-Z three-stage gas gun launcher technique developed recently, we compress gold into TPa shock pressure to fill the gap inaccessible by the two-stage gas gun and laser shock experiments. With the aid of high-precision Hugoniot data obtained experimentally, we observe a clear softening behavior beyond ~560 GPa. The state-of-the-art ab-initio molecular dynamics calculations reveal that the softening is caused by the ionization of 5d electrons in gold. This work quantifies the partial ionization effect of electrons under extreme conditions, which is critical to model the transition region between condensed matter and WDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Li
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan621900, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan621900, China
| | - Yong Hou
- Department of Physics, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha410073, China
| | - Yuying Yu
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan621900, China
| | - Guojun Li
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan621900, China
| | - Long Hao
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan621900, China
| | - Xuhai Li
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan621900, China
| | - Huayun Geng
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan621900, China
| | - Chengda Dai
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan621900, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan621900, China
| | - Ho-Kwang Mao
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai201203, China
| | - Jianbo Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan621900, China
- State Key Laboratory for Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang621010, China
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Cuong TD, Phan AD. Toward better understanding of the high-pressure structural transformation in beryllium by the statistical moment method. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:9073-9082. [PMID: 36919786 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00071k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Beryllium is a vital alkaline-earth metal for plasma physics, space science, and nuclear technology. Unfortunately, its accurate phase diagram is clouded by many controversial results, even though solid beryllium can only exist with hcp or bcc crystalline structures. Herein, we offer a simple quantum-statistical solution to the above problem. Our core idea is to develop the moment expansion technique to determine the Helmholtz free energy under extreme conditions. This strategy helps elucidate the underlying correlation among symmetric characteristics, vibrational excitations, and physical stabilities. In particular, our analyses reveal that the appearance of anharmonic effects forcefully straightens up the hcp-bcc boundary. This phenomenon explains why it has been difficult to detect bcc signatures via diamond-anvil-cell measurements. Besides, we modify the work-heat equivalence principle to quickly obtain the high-pressure melting profile from the room-temperature equation of state. The hcp-bcc-liquid triple point of beryllium is found at 165 GPa and 4559 K. Our theoretical findings agree excellently with cutting-edge ab initio simulations adopting the phonon quasiparticle method and the thermodynamic integration. Finally, we consider the principal Hugoniot curve and its secondary branches to explore the behaviors of beryllium under shock compression. Our predictions would be advantageous for designing inertial-confinement-fusion experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Dinh Cuong
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam.
| | - Anh D Phan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam. .,Phenikaa Institute for Advanced Study (PIAS), Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
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5
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Kraus RG, Hemley RJ, Ali SJ, Belof JL, Benedict LX, Bernier J, Braun D, Cohen RE, Collins GW, Coppari F, Desjarlais MP, Fratanduono D, Hamel S, Krygier A, Lazicki A, Mcnaney J, Millot M, Myint PC, Newman MG, Rygg JR, Sterbentz DM, Stewart ST, Stixrude L, Swift DC, Wehrenberg C, Eggert JH. Measuring the melting curve of iron at super-Earth core conditions. Science 2022; 375:202-205. [PMID: 35025665 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of more than 4500 extrasolar planets has created a need for modeling their interior structure and dynamics. Given the prominence of iron in planetary interiors, we require accurate and precise physical properties at extreme pressure and temperature. A first-order property of iron is its melting point, which is still debated for the conditions of Earth’s interior. We used high-energy lasers at the National Ignition Facility and in situ x-ray diffraction to determine the melting point of iron up to 1000 gigapascals, three times the pressure of Earth’s inner core. We used this melting curve to determine the length of dynamo action during core solidification to the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure. We find that terrestrial exoplanets with four to six times Earth’s mass have the longest dynamos, which provide important shielding against cosmic radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Kraus
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Russell J Hemley
- Departments of Physics, Chemistry, and Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Suzanne J Ali
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Jonathan L Belof
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Lorin X Benedict
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Joel Bernier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Dave Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - R E Cohen
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - Gilbert W Collins
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Federica Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | | | | | - Sebastien Hamel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Andy Krygier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Amy Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - James Mcnaney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Marius Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Philip C Myint
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Matthew G Newman
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - James R Rygg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Dane M Sterbentz
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Sarah T Stewart
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lars Stixrude
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Damian C Swift
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Chris Wehrenberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Jon H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
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