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Eschrig S, Schäffer M, Shu LJ, Illig T, Eibel S, Fernandez A, Ranf S. LORE receptor homomerization is required for 3-hydroxydecanoic acid-induced immune signaling and determines the natural variation of immunosensitivity within the Arabidopsis genus. New Phytol 2024. [PMID: 38532564 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The S-domain-type receptor-like kinase (SD-RLK) LIPOOLIGOSACCHARIDE-SPECIFIC REDUCED ELICITATION (LORE) from Arabidopsis thaliana is a pattern recognition receptor that senses medium-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acids, such as 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (3-OH-C10:0), to activate pattern-triggered immunity. Here, we show that LORE homomerization is required to activate 3-OH-C10:0-induced immune signaling. Fluorescence lifetime imaging in Nicotiana benthamiana demonstrates that AtLORE homomerizes via the extracellular and transmembrane domains. Co-expression of AtLORE truncations lacking the intracellular domain exerts a dominant negative effect on AtLORE signaling in both N. benthamiana and A. thaliana, highlighting that homomerization is essential for signaling. Screening for 3-OH-C10:0-induced reactive oxygen species production revealed natural variation within the Arabidopsis genus. Arabidopsis lyrata and Arabidopsis halleri do not respond to 3-OH-C10:0, although both possess a putative LORE ortholog. Both LORE orthologs have defective extracellular domains that bind 3-OH-C10:0 to a similar level as AtLORE, but lack the ability to homomerize. Thus, ligand binding is independent of LORE homomerization. Analysis of AtLORE and AlyrLORE chimera suggests that the loss of AlyrLORE homomerization is caused by several amino acid polymorphisms across the extracellular domain. Our findings shed light on the activation mechanism of LORE and the loss of 3-OH-C10:0 perception within the Arabidopsis genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Eschrig
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
| | - Milena Schäffer
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
| | - Lin-Jie Shu
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Tina Illig
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
| | - Sonja Eibel
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
| | - Atiara Fernandez
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ranf
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
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2
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Fontes EPB. SERKs and NIKs: Coreceptors or signaling hubs in a complex crosstalk between growth and defense? Curr Opin Plant Biol 2024; 77:102447. [PMID: 37690927 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASES (SERKs) and NUCLEAR SHUTTLE PROTEIN-INTERACTING KINASES (NIKs) belong to superfamily II of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases, which share cytosolic kinase conservation and a similar ectodomain configuration. SERKs have been extensively demonstrated to function as coreceptors of receptor-like kinases, which sense biotic or developmental signals to initiate specific responses. NIKs, on the other hand, have emerged as downstream components in signaling cascades, not functioning as coreceptors but rather serving as hubs that converge information from both biotic and abiotic signals, resulting in a unified response. Like SERKs, NIKs play a crucial role as information spreaders in plant cells, forming hubs of high centrality. However, unlike SERKs, which function as coreceptors and assemble paired receptor-specific responses, NIKs employ a shared signaling circuit to transduce diverse biotic and abiotic signals into the same physiological response. Therefore, this review highlights the concept of signaling hubs that differ from coreceptors in signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P B Fontes
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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3
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Mladenov P, Wang X, Yang Z, Djilianov D, Deng X. Dynamics of chromatin accessibility and genome wide control of desiccation tolerance in the resurrection plant Haberlea rhodopensis. BMC Plant Biol 2023; 23:654. [PMID: 38110858 PMCID: PMC10729425 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought is one of the main consequences of global climate change and this problem is expected to intensify in the future. Resurrection plants evolved the ability to withstand the negative impact of long periods of almost complete desiccation and to recover at rewatering. In this respect, many physiological, transcriptomic, proteomic and genomic investigations have been performed in recent years, however, few epigenetic control studies have been performed on these valuable desiccation-tolerant plants so far. RESULTS In the present study, for the first time for resurrection plants we provide evidences about the differential chromatin accessibility of Haberlea rhodopensis during desiccation stress by ATAC-seq (Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin with high-throughput sequencing). Based on gene similarity between species, we used the available genome of the closely related resurrection plant Dorcoceras hygrometricum to identify approximately nine hundred transposase hypersensitive sites (THSs) in H. rhodopensis. The majority of them corresponds to proximal and distal regulatory elements of different genes involved in photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, synthesis of secondary metabolites, cell signalling and transcriptional regulation, cell growth, cell wall, stomata conditioning, chaperons, oxidative stress, autophagy and others. Various types of binding motifs recognized by several families of transcription factors have been enriched from the THSs found in different stages of drought. Further, we used the previously published RNA-seq data from H. rhodopensis to evaluate the expression of transcription factors putatively interacting with the enriched motifs, and the potential correlation between the identified THS and the expression of their corresponding genes. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a blueprint for investigating the epigenetic regulation of desiccation tolerance in resurrection plant H. rhodopensis and comparative genomics between resurrection and non-resurrection species with available genome information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petko Mladenov
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- Agricultural Academy, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd, Sofia, 1164, Bulgaria.
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zhaolin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Xin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China.
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4
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Ezura K, Nomura Y, Ariizumi T. Molecular, hormonal, and metabolic mechanisms of fruit set, the ovary-to-fruit transition, in horticultural crops. J Exp Bot 2023; 74:6254-6268. [PMID: 37279328 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fruit set is the process by which the ovary develops into a fruit and is an important factor in determining fruit yield. Fruit set is induced by two hormones, auxin and gibberellin, and the activation of their signaling pathways, partly by suppressing various negative regulators. Many studies have investigated the structural changes and gene networks in the ovary during fruit set, revealing the cytological and molecular mechanisms. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), SlIAA9 and SlDELLA/PROCERA act as auxin and gibberellin signaling repressors, respectively, and are important regulators of the activity of transcription factors and downstream gene expression involved in fruit set. Upon pollination, SlIAA9 and SlDELLA are degraded, which subsequently activates downstream cascades and mainly contributes to active cell division and cell elongation, respectively, in ovaries during fruit setting. According to current knowledge, the gibberellin pathway functions as the most downstream signal in fruit set induction, and therefore its role in fruit set has been extensively explored. Furthermore, multi-omics analysis has revealed the detailed dynamics of gene expression and metabolites downstream of gibberellins, highlighting the rapid activation of central carbon metabolism. This review will outline the relevant mechanisms at the molecular and metabolic levels during fruit set, particularly focusing on tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS), Kojimachi, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Yukako Nomura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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5
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Wang J, Jiang Q, Pleskot R, Grones P, Bahafid E, Denay G, Galván‐Ampudia C, Xu X, Vandorpe M, Mylle E, De Smet I, Vernoux T, Simon R, Nowack MK, Van Damme D. TPLATE complex-dependent endocytosis attenuates CLAVATA1 signaling for shoot apical meristem maintenance. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e54709. [PMID: 37458257 PMCID: PMC10481661 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202254709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis regulates the turnover of cell surface localized receptors, which are crucial for plants to rapidly respond to stimuli. The evolutionary ancient TPLATE complex (TPC) plays an essential role in endocytosis in Arabidopsis plants. Knockout or knockdown of single TPC subunits causes male sterility and seedling lethality phenotypes, complicating analysis of the roles of TPC during plant development. Partially functional alleles of TPC subunits however only cause mild developmental deviations. Here, we took advantage of the partially functional TPLATE allele, WDXM2, to investigate a role for TPC-dependent endocytosis in receptor-mediated signaling. We discovered that reduced TPC-dependent endocytosis confers a hypersensitivity to very low doses of CLAVATA3 peptide signaling. This hypersensitivity correlated with the abundance of the CLAVATA3 receptor protein kinase CLAVATA1 at the plasma membrane. Genetic and biochemical analysis as well as live-cell imaging revealed that TPC-dependent regulation of CLAVATA3-dependent internalization of CLAVATA1 from the plasma membrane is required for shoot stem cell homeostasis. Our findings provide evidence that TPC-mediated endocytosis and degradation of CLAVATA1 is a mechanism to dampen CLAVATA3-mediated signaling during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
- Tobacco Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Qihang Jiang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
| | - Roman Pleskot
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
- Institute of Experimental BotanyCzech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Peter Grones
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
| | - Elmehdi Bahafid
- Institute for Developmental GeneticsHeinrich‐Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Grégoire Denay
- Institute for Developmental GeneticsHeinrich‐Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Carlos Galván‐Ampudia
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de LyonCNRS, INRAELyonFrance
| | - Xiangyu Xu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
| | - Michael Vandorpe
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
| | - Evelien Mylle
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de LyonCNRS, INRAELyonFrance
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institute for Developmental GeneticsHeinrich‐Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Moritz K Nowack
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
| | - Daniel Van Damme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
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6
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Wang Y, Jiao Y. Cell signaling in the shoot apical meristem. Plant Physiol 2023; 193:70-82. [PMID: 37224874 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Distinct from animals, plants maintain organogenesis from specialized tissues termed meristems throughout life. In the shoot apex, the shoot apical meristem (SAM) produces all aerial organs, such as leaves, from its periphery. For this, the SAM needs to precisely balance stem cell renewal and differentiation, which is achieved through dynamic zonation of the SAM, and cell signaling within functional domains is key for SAM functions. The WUSCHEL-CLAVATA feedback loop plays a key role in SAM homeostasis, and recent studies have uncovered new components, expanding our understanding of the spatial expression and signaling mechanism. Advances in polar auxin transport and signaling have contributed to knowledge of the multifaceted roles of auxin in the SAM and organogenesis. Finally, single-cell techniques have expanded our understanding of the cellular functions within the shoot apex at single-cell resolution. In this review, we summarize the most up-to-date understanding of cell signaling in the SAM and focus on the multiple levels of regulation of SAM formation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 261325, China
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7
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Pei Y, Ji P, Si J, Zhao H, Zhang S, Xu R, Qiao H, Duan W, Shen D, Yin Z, Dou D. A Phytophthora receptor-like kinase regulates oospore development and can activate pattern-triggered plant immunity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4593. [PMID: 37524729 PMCID: PMC10390575 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell-surface leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs) form dynamic complexes to receive a variety of extracellular signals. LRR-RLKs are also widespread in oomycete pathogens, whereas it remains enigmatic whether plant and oomycete LRR-RLKs could mediate cell-to-cell communications between pathogen and host. Here, we report that an LRR-RLK from the soybean root and stem rot pathogen Phytophthora sojae, PsRLK6, can activate typical pattern-triggered immunity in host soybean and nonhost tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. PsRLK6 homologs are conserved in oomycetes and also exhibit immunity-inducing activity. A small region (LRR5-6) in the extracellular domain of PsRLK6 is sufficient to activate BAK1- and SOBIR1-dependent immune responses, suggesting that PsRLK6 is likely recognized by a plant LRR-RLP. Moreover, PsRLK6 is shown to be up-regulated during oospore maturation and essential for the oospore development of P. sojae. Our data provide a novel type of microbe-associated molecular pattern that functions in the sexual reproduction of oomycete, and a scenario in which a pathogen LRR-RLK could be sensed by a plant LRR-RLP to mount plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pei
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peiyun Ji
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jierui Si
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hanqing Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sicong Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ruofei Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huijun Qiao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weiwei Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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8
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Yu X, Xie Y, Luo D, Liu H, de Oliveira MVV, Qi P, Kim SI, Ortiz-Morea FA, Liu J, Chen Y, Chen S, Rodrigues B, Li B, Xue S, He P, Shan L. A phospho-switch constrains BTL2-mediated phytocytokine signaling in plant immunity. Cell 2023; 186:2329-2344.e20. [PMID: 37192618 PMCID: PMC10281528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Enabling and constraining immune activation is of fundamental importance in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Depleting BAK1 and SERK4, the co-receptors of multiple pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), abolishes pattern-triggered immunity but triggers intracellular NOD-like receptor (NLR)-mediated autoimmunity with an elusive mechanism. By deploying RNAi-based genetic screens in Arabidopsis, we identified BAK-TO-LIFE 2 (BTL2), an uncharacterized receptor kinase, sensing BAK1/SERK4 integrity. BTL2 induces autoimmunity through activating Ca2+ channel CNGC20 in a kinase-dependent manner when BAK1/SERK4 are perturbed. To compensate for BAK1 deficiency, BTL2 complexes with multiple phytocytokine receptors, leading to potent phytocytokine responses mediated by helper NLR ADR1 family immune receptors, suggesting phytocytokine signaling as a molecular link connecting PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity. Remarkably, BAK1 constrains BTL2 activation via specific phosphorylation to maintain cellular integrity. Thus, BTL2 serves as a surveillance rheostat sensing the perturbation of BAK1/SERK4 immune co-receptors in promoting NLR-mediated phytocytokine signaling to ensure plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yingpeng Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Dexian Luo
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Hai Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Marcos V V de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Peipei Qi
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Sung-Il Kim
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yafei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Bárbara Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Shaowu Xue
- College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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9
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Li M, Lv M, Wang X, Cai Z, Yao H, Zhang D, Li H, Zhu M, Du W, Wang R, Wang Z, Kui H, Hou S, Li J, Yi J, Gou X. The EPFL-ERf-SERK signaling controls integument development in Arabidopsis. New Phytol 2023; 238:186-201. [PMID: 36564978 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As the seed precursor, the ovule produces the female gametophyte (or embryo sac), and the subsequent double fertilization occurs in it. The integuments emerge sequentially from the integument primordia at the early stages of ovule development and finally enwrap the embryo sac gradually during gametogenesis, protecting and nursing the embryo sac. However, the mechanisms regulating integument development are still obscure. In this study, we show that SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASES (SERKs) play essential roles during integument development in Arabidopsis thaliana. The serk1/2/3 triple mutant shows arrested integuments and abnormal embryo sacs, similar defects also found in the triple loss-of-function mutants of ERECTA family (ERf) genes. Ovules of serk1/2/3 er erl1/2 show defects similar to er erl1/2 and serk1/2/3. Results of yeast two-hybrid analyses, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analyses, and co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that SERKs interact with ERf, which depends on EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE (EPFL) family small peptides. The sextuple mutant epfl1/2/3/4/5/6 shows integument defects similar to both of er erl1/2 and serk1/2/3. Our results demonstrate that ERf-SERK-mediated EPFL signaling orchestrates the development of the female gametophyte and the surrounding sporophytic integuments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizhen Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Minghui Lv
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Zeping Cai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
- College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Hongrui Yao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Dongyang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Huiqiang Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Mingsong Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Wenbin Du
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Ruoshi Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Hong Kui
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Suiwen Hou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Jing Yi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Xiaoping Gou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
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10
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Zhang Y, Yin Z, Pi L, Wang N, Wang J, Peng H, Dou D. A Nicotiana benthamiana receptor-like kinase regulates Phytophthora resistance by coupling with BAK1 to enhance elicitin-triggered immunity. J Integr Plant Biol 2023. [PMID: 36661038 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell-surface-localized leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) are crucial for plant immunity. Most LRR-RLKs that act as receptors directly recognize ligands via a large extracellular domain (ECD), whereas LRR-RLK that serve as regulators are relatively small and contain fewer LRRs. Here, we identified LRR-RLK regulators using high-throughput tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based gene silencing in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. We used the cell-death phenotype caused by INF1, an oomycete elicitin that induces pattern-triggered immunity, as an indicator. By screening 33 small LRR-RLKs (≤6 LRRs) of unknown function, we identified ELICITIN INSENSITIVE RLK 1 (NbEIR1) as a positive regulator of INF1-induced immunity and oomycete resistance. Nicotiana benthamiana mutants of eir1 generated by CRISPR/Cas9-editing showed significantly compromised immune responses to INF1 and were more vulnerable to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici. NbEIR1 associates with BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (NbBAK1) and a downstream component, BRASSINOSTEROID-SIGNALING KINASE 1 (NbBSK1). NbBSK1 also contributes to INF1-induced defense and P. capsici resistance. Upon INF1 treatment, NbEIR1 was released from NbBAK1 and NbBSK1 in vivo. Moreover, the silencing of NbBSK1 compromised the association of NbEIR1 with NbBAK1. We also showed that NbEIR1 regulates flg22-induced immunity and associates with its receptor, FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (NbFLS2). Collectively, our results suggest that NbEIR1 is a novel regulatory element for BAK1-dependent immunity. NbBSK1-NbEIR1 association is required for maintaining the NbEIR1/NbBAK1 complex in the resting state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lei Pi
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jinghao Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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11
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Wei S, Ma L. Comprehensive Insight into Tapetum-Mediated Pollen Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Cells 2023; 12. [PMID: 36672181 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In flowering plants, pollen development is a key process that is essential for sexual reproduction and seed set. Molecular and genetic studies indicate that pollen development is coordinatedly regulated by both gametophytic and sporophytic factors. Tapetum, the somatic cell layer adjacent to the developing male meiocytes, plays an essential role during pollen development. In the early anther development stage, the tapetal cells secrete nutrients, proteins, lipids, and enzymes for microsporocytes and microspore development, while initiating programmed cell death to provide critical materials for pollen wall formation in the late stage. Therefore, disrupting tapetum specification, development, or function usually leads to serious defects in pollen development. In this review, we aim to summarize the current understanding of tapetum-mediated pollen development and illuminate the underlying molecular mechanism in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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12
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Abraham‐Juárez MJ, Busche M, Anderson AA, Lunde C, Winders J, Christensen SA, Hunter CT, Hake S, Brunkard JO. Liguleless narrow and narrow odd dwarf act in overlapping pathways to regulate maize development and metabolism. Plant J 2022; 112:881-896. [PMID: 36164819 PMCID: PMC9827925 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Narrow odd dwarf (nod) and Liguleless narrow (Lgn) are pleiotropic maize mutants that both encode plasma membrane proteins, cause similar developmental patterning defects, and constitutively induce stress signaling pathways. To investigate how these mutants coordinate maize development and physiology, we screened for protein interactors of NOD by affinity purification. LGN was identified by this screen as a strong candidate interactor, and we confirmed the NOD-LGN molecular interaction through orthogonal experiments. We further demonstrated that LGN, a receptor-like kinase, can phosphorylate NOD in vitro, hinting that they could act in intersecting signal transduction pathways. To test this hypothesis, we generated Lgn-R;nod mutants in two backgrounds (B73 and A619), and found that these mutations enhance each other, causing more severe developmental defects than either single mutation on its own, with phenotypes including very narrow leaves, increased tillering, and failure of the main shoot. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of the single and double mutants in the two genetic backgrounds revealed widespread induction of pathogen defense genes and a shift in resource allocation away from primary metabolism in favor of specialized metabolism. These effects were similar in each single mutant and heightened in the double mutant, leading us to conclude that NOD and LGN act cumulatively in overlapping signaling pathways to coordinate growth-defense tradeoffs in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jazmín Abraham‐Juárez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la BiodiversidadUnidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalGuanajuato36821Mexico
| | - Michael Busche
- Laboratory of GeneticsUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWisconsin53706USA
| | - Alyssa A. Anderson
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia94720USA
- Plant Gene Expression CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceAlbanyCalifornia94710USA
| | - China Lunde
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia94720USA
| | - Jeremy Winders
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research ServiceRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Charles T. Hunter
- Chemistry Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research ServiceGainesvilleFlorida32608USA
| | - Sarah Hake
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia94720USA
- Plant Gene Expression CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceAlbanyCalifornia94710USA
| | - Jacob O. Brunkard
- Laboratory of GeneticsUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWisconsin53706USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia94720USA
- Plant Gene Expression CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceAlbanyCalifornia94710USA
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13
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Glöckner N, zur Oven-Krockhaus S, Rohr L, Wackenhut F, Burmeister M, Wanke F, Holzwart E, Meixner AJ, Wolf S, Harter K. Three-Fluorophore FRET Enables the Analysis of Ternary Protein Association in Living Plant Cells. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11192630. [PMID: 36235497 PMCID: PMC9571070 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interaction studies provide valuable insights into cellular signaling. Brassinosteroid (BR) signaling is initiated by the hormone-binding receptor Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1 (BRI1) and its co-receptor BRI1 Associated Kinase 1 (BAK1). BRI1 and BAK1 were shown to interact independently with the Receptor-Like Protein 44 (RLP44), which is implicated in BRI1/BAK1-dependent cell wall integrity perception. To demonstrate the proposed complex formation of BRI1, BAK1 and RLP44, we established three-fluorophore intensity-based spectral Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and FRET-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) for living plant cells. Our evidence indicates that RLP44, BRI1 and BAK1 form a ternary complex in a distinct plasma membrane nanodomain. In contrast, although the immune receptor Flagellin Sensing 2 (FLS2) also forms a heteromer with BAK1, the FLS2/BAK1 complexes are localized to other nanodomains. In conclusion, both three-fluorophore FRET approaches provide a feasible basis for studying the in vivo interaction and sub-compartmentalization of proteins in great detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Glöckner
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sven zur Oven-Krockhaus
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leander Rohr
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Wackenhut
- Institute for Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moritz Burmeister
- Institute for Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friederike Wanke
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eleonore Holzwart
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alfred J. Meixner
- Institute for Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-7071-2972605
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14
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Zhou R, Wang Y, Zhang X, Jia F, Liu Y. Cloning and expression analysis of SERK1 gene in Diospyros lotus. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:1296-1308. [PMID: 36249531 PMCID: PMC9518663 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinases (SERKs), a subfamily of receptor-like kinases, play important roles in response to abiotic stresses in addition to apomictic reproductive development in numerous plant species. The purpose of the present work was to determine if an ortholog of the SERK gene is present in the Diospyros lotus genome, isolate it and analyze its expression during embryogeny and abiotic stress. An ortholog of the SERK gene was isolated from the D. lotus genome, and designated as DlSERK1. The physical and chemical properties, protein structure, and evolutionary relationship of the DlSERK1 protein were analyzed by bioinformatics methods, and the expression of DlSERK1 gene during embryonic development and under low-temperature, salt, and drought stresses was examined through real-time quantitative PCR analysis. DlSERK1 contained 1,881 bp open reading frame encoding 626 amino acids, with a molecular mass of 69.18 kDa and pI of 5.34. DlSERK1 had strong hydrophilic property, signal peptide cleavage sites, and two transmembrane regions, indicating that DlSERK1 is a secretory protein. The secondary structure of DlSERK1 was consistent with the tertiary structure, both of which were dominated by random curls and alpha-helices. DlSERK1 had the typical structure of SERK proteins, and harbored multiple phosphorylation and glycosylation sites. Quantitative analysis showed that DlSERK1 was expressed during the embryonic development period, and the highest expression level was at 10 days post-flowering. The DlSERK1 expression level was down-regulated under low-temperature stress and up-regulated under drought and salt stresses. Our study showed that DlSERK1 was expressed in embryo development and could respond to low-temperature, drought, and salt stresses, which lays a foundation for further research on the function of SERK1 in the apomixis growth and development of environmental adaptation in D. lotus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijin Zhou
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Province Engineering Research Centers of Horticultural Plant Research Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, No. 90, East Section of Hualan Avenue, Hongqi District, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Fengqin Jia
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Yunli Liu
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
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15
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Bordeleau SJ, Canales Sanchez LE, Goring DR. Finding new Arabidopsis receptor kinases that regulate compatible pollen-pistil interactions. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1022684. [PMID: 36186080 PMCID: PMC9521399 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1022684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Successful fertilization of a flowering plant requires tightly controlled cell-to-cell communication between the male pollen grain and the female pistil. Throughout Arabidopsis pollen-pistil interactions, ligand-receptor kinase signaling is utilized to mediate various checkpoints to promote compatible interactions. In Arabidopsis, the later stages of pollen tube growth, ovular guidance and reception in the pistil have been intensively studied, and thus the receptor kinases and the respective ligands in these stages are quite well understood. However, the components of the earlier stages, responsible for recognizing compatible pollen grains and pollen tubes in the upper reproductive tract are less clear. Recently, predicted receptor kinases have been implicated in the initial stages of regulating pollen hydration and supporting pollen tube growth through the upper regions of the reproductive tract in the pistil. The discovery of these additional signaling proteins at the earlier stages of pollen-pistil interactions has further elucidated the mechanisms that Arabidopsis employs to support compatible pollen. Despite these advances, many questions remain regarding their specific functions. Here, we review the roles of the different receptor kinases, integrate their proposed functions into a model covering all stages of pollen-pistil interactions, and discuss what remains elusive with regard to their functions, respective binding partners and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Bordeleau
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Daphne R. Goring
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Narasimhan M, Simon R. Spatial range, temporal span, and promiscuity of CLE-RLK signaling. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:906087. [PMID: 36092449 PMCID: PMC9459042 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.906087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED (CLE) signaling through receptor-like kinases (RLKs) regulates developmental transitions and responses to biotic and abiotic inputs by communicating the physiological state of cells and tissues. CLE peptides have varying signaling ranges, which can be defined as the distance between the source, i.e., the cells or tissue that secrete the peptide, and their destination, i.e., cells or tissue where the RLKs that bind the peptide and/or respond are expressed. Case-by-case analysis substantiates that CLE signaling is predominantly autocrine or paracrine, and rarely endocrine. Furthermore, upon CLE reception, the ensuing signaling responses extend from cellular to tissue, organ and whole organism level as the downstream signal gets amplified. CLE-RLK-mediated effects on tissue proliferation and differentiation, or on subsequent primordia and organ development have been widely studied. However, studying how CLE-RLK regulates different stages of proliferation and differentiation at cellular level can offer additional insights into these processes. Notably, CLE-RLK signaling also mediates diverse non-developmental effects, which are less often observed; however, this could be due to biased experimental approaches. In general, CLEs and RLKs, owing to the sequence or structural similarity, are prone to promiscuous interactions at least under experimental conditions in which they are studied. Importantly, there are regulatory mechanisms that suppress CLE-RLK cross-talk in vivo, thereby eliminating the pressure for co-evolving binding specificity. Alternatively, promiscuity in signaling may also offer evolutionary advantages and enable different CLEs to work in combination to activate or switch off different RLK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumitha Narasimhan
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institute for Developmental Genetics and Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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17
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Zheng B, Bai Q, Li C, Wang L, Wei Q, Ali K, Li W, Huang S, Xu H, Li G, Ren H, Wu G. Pan-brassinosteroid signaling revealed by functional analysis of NILR1 in land plants. New Phytol 2022; 235:1455-1469. [PMID: 35570834 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid (BR) signaling has been identified from the ligand BRs sensed by the receptor Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1 (BRI1) to the final activation of Brassinozole Resistant 1/bri1 EMS-Suppressor 1 through a series of transduction events. Extensive studies have been conducted to characterize the role of BR signaling in various biological processes. Our previous study has shown that Excess Microsporocytes 1 (EMS1) and BRI1 control different aspects of plant growth and development via conserved intracellular signaling. Here, we reveal that another receptor, NILR1, can complement the bri1 mutant in the absence of BRs, indicating a pathway that resembles BR signaling activated by NILR1. Genetic analysis confirms the intracellular domains of NILR1, BRI1 and EMS1 have a common signal output. Furthermore, we demonstrate that NILR1 and BRI1 share the coreceptor BRI1 Associated Kinase 1 and substrate BSKs. Notably, the NILR1-mediated downstream pathway is conserved across land plants. In summary, we provide evidence for the signaling cascade of NILR1, suggesting pan-brassinosteroid signaling initiated by a group of distant receptor-ligand pairs in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Qunwei Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lihaitian Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Khawar Ali
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Shengdi Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Guishuang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hongyan Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Guang Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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18
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Invernizzi M, Hanemian M, Keller J, Libourel C, Roby D. PERKing up our understanding of the proline-rich extensin-like receptor kinases, a forgotten plant receptor kinase family. New Phytol 2022; 235:875-884. [PMID: 35451507 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Proline-rich extensin-like receptor kinases (PERKs) are an important class of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) containing an extracellular proline-rich domain. While they are thought to be putative sensors of the cell wall integrity, there are very few reports on their biological functions in the plant, as compared with other RLKs. Several studies support a role for PERKs in plant growth and development, but their effect on the cell wall composition to regulate cell expansion is still lacking. Gene expression data suggest that they may intervene in response to environmental changes, in agreement with their subcellular localization. And there is growing evidence for PERKs as novel sensors of environmental stresses such as insects and viruses. However, little is known about their precise role in plant immunity and in the extracellular network of RLKs, as no PERK-interacting RLK or any coreceptor has been identified as yet. Similarly, their signaling activities and downstream signaling components are just beginning to be deciphered, including Ca2+ fluxes, reactive oxygen species accumulation and phosphorylation events. Here we outline emerging roles for PERKs as novel sensors of environmental stresses, and we discuss how to better understand this overlooked class of receptor kinases via several avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Invernizzi
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Mathieu Hanemian
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean Keller
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), CNRS, UPS, INP Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Cyril Libourel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), CNRS, UPS, INP Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Dominique Roby
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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19
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Qian P, Song W, Zaizen-Iida M, Kume S, Wang G, Zhang Y, Kinoshita-Tsujimura K, Chai J, Kakimoto T. A Dof-CLE circuit controls phloem organization. Nat Plants 2022; 8:817-827. [PMID: 35817820 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The phloem consists of sieve elements (SEs) and companion cells (CCs). Here we show that Dof-class transcription factors preferentially expressed in the phloem (phloem-Dofs) are not only necessary and sufficient for SE and CC differentiation, but also induce negative regulators of phloem development, CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED25 (CLE25), CLE26 and CLE45 secretory peptides. CLEs were perceived by BARELY ANY MERISTEM (BAM)-class receptors and CLAVATA3 INSENSITIVE RECEPTOR KINASE (CIK) co-receptors, and post-transcriptionally decreased phloem-Dof proteins and repressed SE and CC formation. Multiple mutations in CLE-, BAM- or CIK-class genes caused ectopic formation of SEs and CCs, producing an SE/CC cluster at each phloem region. We propose that while phloem-Dofs induce phloem cell formation, they inhibit excess phloem cell formation by inducing CLEs. Normal-positioned SE and CC precursor cells appear to overcome the effect of CLEs by reinforcing the production of phloem-Dofs through a positive feedback transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Qian
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Wen Song
- Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Miki Zaizen-Iida
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sawa Kume
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Guodong Wang
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Jijie Chai
- Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tatsuo Kakimoto
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan.
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20
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Li X, Zhang J, Shi H, Li B, Li J. Rapid responses: Receptor-like kinases directly regulate the functions of membrane transport proteins in plants. J Integr Plant Biol 2022; 64:1303-1309. [PMID: 35546272 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are a large group of plant-specific transmembrane proteins mainly acting as receptors or co-receptors of various extracellular signals. They usually turn extracellular signals into intracellular responses via altering gene expression profiles. However, recent studies confirmed that many RLKs can physically interact with diverse membrane-localized transport proteins and regulate their activities for speedy responses in limited tissues or cells. In this minireview, we highlight recent discoveries regarding how RLKs can work with membrane transport proteins collaboratively and thereby trigger cellular responses in a precise and rapid manner. It is anticipated that such regulation broadly presents in plants and more examples will be gradually revealed when in-depth analyses are conducted for the functions of RLKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jingjie Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hongyong Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bo Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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21
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Ou Y, Tao B, Wu Y, Cai Z, Li H, Li M, He K, Gou X, Li J. Essential roles of SERKs in the ROOT MERISTEM GROWTH FACTOR-mediated signaling pathway. Plant Physiol 2022; 189:165-177. [PMID: 35134233 PMCID: PMC9070818 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
ROOT MERISTEM GROWTH FACTORs (RGFs), a group of peptide hormones, play key roles in root apical meristem development. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), there are 11 members of RGFs, in which at least RGF1, RGF2, and RGF3 are expressed at the root tip and are involved in root stem cell niche maintenance. RGFs are perceived by five functionally redundant receptor-like protein kinases, RGF1 INSENSITIVE 1 (RGI1) to RGI5, to maintain the expression of two downstream APETALA 2 (AP2) transcription factor genes, PLETHORA 1 (PLT1) and PLT2, and to stabilize PLT2. RGI1 to RGI3 were also named RGF RECEPTOR 1 (RGFR1) to RGFR3, respectively. Although previous studies have suggested that BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (BAK1) and its paralogs, SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASEs (SERKs), may act as coreceptors of RGIs, comprehensive genetic and biochemical analyses have not been well documented. Here, we report that single, double, and triple mutants of SERKs show various degrees of short root phenotypes and insensitivity to exogenously applied RGF1. The interaction between RGIs and BAK1 and their mutual phosphorylation are RGF1 dependent. We also found that RGF1-induced MAPK activation relies on both RGIs and SERKs. We demonstrate that RGIs play redundant roles in regulating root apical meristem development. Therefore, we genetically and biochemically substantiated that SERKs, as coreceptors, play essential roles in the RGF1-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yujun Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zeping Cai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Huiqiang Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Meizhen Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kai He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoping Gou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Author for correspondence:
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Wang W, Hu C, Li X, Zhu Y, Tao L, Cui Y, Deng D, Fan X, Zhang H, Li J, Gou X, Yi J. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases PBL34/35/36 are required for CLE peptide-mediated signaling to maintain shoot apical meristem and root apical meristem homeostasis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2022; 34:1289-1307. [PMID: 34935965 PMCID: PMC8972268 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) homeostasis is tightly regulated by CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related (CLE) peptide signaling. However, the intracellular signaling components after CLV3 is perceived by the CLV1-CLV3-INSENSITIVE KINASE (CIK) receptor complex and CLE25/26/45 are sensed by the BARELY ANY MERISTEM (BAM)-CIK receptor complex are unknown. Here, we report that PBS1-LIKE34/35/36 (PBL34/35/36), a clade of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases, are required for both CLV3-mediated signaling in the SAM and CLE25/26/45-mediated signaling in the RAM. Physiological assays showed that the SAM and RAM of pbl34 pbl35 pbl36 were resistant to CLV3 and CLE25/26/45 treatment, respectively. Genetic analyses indicated that pbl34 pbl35 pbl36 greatly enhanced the SAM defects of clv2 and rpk2 but not clv1, and did not show additive effects with bam3 and cik2 in the RAM. Further biochemical assays revealed that PBL34/35/36 interacted with CLV1, BAM1/3, and CIKs, and were phosphorylated by CLV1 and BAM1. All these results suggest that PBL34/35/36 act downstream of CLV1 and BAM1/3 to mediate the CLV3 and CLE25/26/45 signals in maintaining SAM and RAM homeostasis, respectively. Our findings shed light on how CLE signals are transmitted intracellularly after being perceived by cell surface receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaonan Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yafen Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Liang Tao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yanwei Cui
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dingqian Deng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Fan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | | | - Jing Yi
- Author for correspondence: (X.G.) or (J.Y.)
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Bai Q, Li C, Wu L, Liu H, Ren H, Li G, Wang Q, Wu G, Zheng B. Engineering Chimeras by Fusing Plant Receptor-like Kinase EMS1 and BRI1 Reveals the Two Receptors' Structural Specificity and Molecular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042155. [PMID: 35216268 PMCID: PMC8876890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteriods (BRs) are plant hormones essential for plant growth and development. The receptor-like kinase (RLK) BRI1 perceives BRs to initiate a well-known transduction pathway which finally activate the transcription factors BZR1/BES1 specifically regulating BR-mediated gene expression. The RLK EMS1 governs tapetum formation via the same signaling pathway shared with BRI1. BRI1 and EMS1 have a common signal output, but the gene structural specificity and the molecular response remain unclear. In this study, we identified that the transmembrane (TM), intracellular juxtamembrane (iJM), kinase, and leucin-rich repeats 1-13 (LRR1-13) domains of EMS1 could replace the corresponding BRI1 domain to maintain the BR receptor function, whereas the extracellular juxtamembrane (eJM) and LRR1-14 domains could not, indicating that the LRR14-EJM domain conferred functional specificity to BRI1. We compared the kinase domains of EMS1 and BRI1, and found that EMS1’s kinase activity was weaker than BRI1’s. Further investigation of the specific phosphorylation sites in BRI1 and EMS1 revealed that the Y1052 site in the kinase domain was essential for the BRI1 biological function, but the corresponding site in EMS1 showed no effect on the biological function of EMS1, suggesting a site regulation difference in the two receptors. Furthermore, we showed that EMS1 shared the substrate BSKs with BRI1. Our study provides insight into the structural specificity and molecular mechanism of BRI1 and EMS1, as well as the origin and divergence of BR receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunwei Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Q.B.); (C.L.); (L.W.); (H.L.); (H.R.); (G.L.); (G.W.)
| | - Chenxi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Q.B.); (C.L.); (L.W.); (H.L.); (H.R.); (G.L.); (G.W.)
| | - Lei Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Q.B.); (C.L.); (L.W.); (H.L.); (H.R.); (G.L.); (G.W.)
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Q.B.); (C.L.); (L.W.); (H.L.); (H.R.); (G.L.); (G.W.)
| | - Hongyan Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Q.B.); (C.L.); (L.W.); (H.L.); (H.R.); (G.L.); (G.W.)
| | - Guishuang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Q.B.); (C.L.); (L.W.); (H.L.); (H.R.); (G.L.); (G.W.)
| | - Qiuling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
| | - Guang Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Q.B.); (C.L.); (L.W.); (H.L.); (H.R.); (G.L.); (G.W.)
| | - Bowen Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Q.B.); (C.L.); (L.W.); (H.L.); (H.R.); (G.L.); (G.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-15102902460
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Cui Y, Lu X, Gou X. Receptor-like protein kinases in plant reproduction: Current understanding and future perspectives. Plant Commun 2022; 3:100273. [PMID: 35059634 PMCID: PMC8760141 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Reproduction is a crucial process in the life span of flowering plants, and directly affects human basic requirements in agriculture, such as grain yield and quality. Typical receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) are a large family of membrane proteins sensing extracellular signals to regulate plant growth, development, and stress responses. In Arabidopsis thaliana and other plant species, RLK-mediated signaling pathways play essential roles in regulating the reproductive process by sensing different ligand signals. Molecular understanding of the reproductive process is vital from the perspective of controlling male and female fertility. Here, we summarize the roles of RLKs during plant reproduction at the genetic and molecular levels, including RLK-mediated floral organ development, ovule and anther development, and embryogenesis. In addition, the possible molecular regulatory patterns of those RLKs with unrevealed mechanisms during reproductive development are discussed. We also point out the thought-provoking questions raised by the research on these plant RLKs during reproduction for future investigation.
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Zhang H, Li X, Wang W, Li H, Cui Y, Zhu Y, Kui H, Yi J, Li J, Gou X. SERKs regulate embryonic cuticle integrity through the TWS1-GSO1/2 signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. New Phytol 2022; 233:313-328. [PMID: 34614228 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The embryonic cuticle integrity is critical for the embryo to separate from the neighboring endosperm. The sulfated TWISTED SEED1 (TWS1) peptide precursor generated in the embryo diffuses through gaps of the nascent cuticle to the surrounding endosperm, where it is cleaved by ABNORMAL LEAF SHAPE1 (ALE1) and becomes an active mature form. The active TWS1 is perceived by receptor-like protein kinases GASSHO1 (GSO1) and GSO2 in the embryonic epidermal cells to start the downstream signaling and guide the formation of an intact embryonic cuticle. However, the early signaling events after TWS1 is perceived by GSO1/2 are still unknown. Here, we report that serk1/2/3 embryos show cuticle defects similar to ale1, tws1, and gso1/2. Genetic and biochemical analyses were performed to dissect the signaling pathway mediated by SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASEs (SERKs) during cuticle development. SERKs function with GSO1/2 in a common pathway to monitor the integrity of the embryonic cuticle. SERKs interact with GSO1/2, which can be enhanced dramatically by TWS1. The phosphorylation levels of SERKs and GSO1/2 rely on each other and can respond to and be elevated by TWS1. Our results demonstrate that SERKs may function as coreceptors of GSO1/2 to transduce the TWS1 signal and ultimately regulate embryonic cuticle integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaonan Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wenping Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Huiqiang Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yanwei Cui
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yafen Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hong Kui
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jing Yi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaoping Gou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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26
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Wang Z, Gou X. The First Line of Defense: Receptor-like Protein Kinase-Mediated Stomatal Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010343. [PMID: 35008769 PMCID: PMC8745683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomata regulate gas and water exchange between the plant and external atmosphere, which are vital for photosynthesis and transpiration. Stomata are also the natural entrance for pathogens invading into the apoplast. Therefore, stomata play an important role in plants against pathogens. The pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) locate in guard cells to perceive pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger a series of plant innate immune responses, including rapid closure of stomata to limit bacterial invasion, which is termed stomatal immunity. Many PRRs involved in stomatal immunity are plasma membrane-located receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs). This review focuses on the current research progress of RLK-mediated signaling pathways involved in stomatal immunity, and discusses questions that need to be addressed in future research.
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Abstract
CLAVATA3 (CLV3) is a peptide signal initially identified in the analysis of clv mutants in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, as a regulator of meristem homeostasis and floral organ numbers. CLV3 homologs are widely conserved in land plants, collectively called CLV3/ESR-related (CLE) genes. A 12-amino acid CLE peptide with hydroxyproline residues was identified in Zinnia elegans cell culture system, in which cells secrete a CLE peptide called tracheary element differentiation factor (TDIF) into the culture medium. Mature CLV3 peptide is also a post-translationally modified short peptide containing additional triarabinosylation on a hydroxyproline residue. Genetic studies have revealed the involvement of leucin-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) in CLV3 signaling, including CLV1/BAM-CIK, CLV2-CRN and RPK2, although the mechanisms of signal transduction and integration via crosstalk is still largely unknown. Recent studies on bryophyte model species provided a clue to understand evolution and ancestral function of CLV signaling in land plants. Fundamental understanding on CLV signaling provided an opportunity to optimize the crop yield traits using a novel breeding technology with CRISPR/Cas genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hirakawa
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan.
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28
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Zhu Y, Hu C, Cui Y, Zeng L, Li S, Zhu M, Meng F, Huang S, Long L, Yi J, Li J, Gou X. Conserved and differentiated functions of CIK receptor kinases in modulating stem cell signaling in Arabidopsis. Mol Plant 2021; 14:1119-1134. [PMID: 33823234 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) act as pools of stem cells that give rise to aboveground and underground tissues and organs in higher plants, respectively. The CLAVATA3 (CLV3)-WUSCHEL (WUS) negative-feedback loop acts as a core pathway controlling SAM homeostasis, while CLV3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (ESR) 40 (CLE40) and WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX5 (WOX5), homologs of CLV3 and WUS, direct columella stem cell fate. Moreover, CLV3 INSENSITIVE KINASES (CIKs) have been shown to be essential for maintaining SAM homeostasis, whereas whether they regulate the distal root meristem remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that CIKs are indispensable for transducing the CLE40 signal to maintain homeostasis of the distal root meristem. We found that the cik mutant roots displayed disrupted quiescent center and delayed columella stem cell (CSC) differentiation. Biochemical assays demonstrated that CIKs interact with ARABIDOPSIS CRINKLY4 (ACR4) in a ligand-independent manner and can be phosphorylated by ACR4 in vitro. In addition, the phosphorylation of CIKs can be rapidly induced by CLE40, which partially depends on ACR4. Although CIKs act as conserved and redundant regulators in the SAM and RAM, our results demonstrated that they exhibit differentiated functions in these meristems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafen Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chong Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yanwei Cui
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Sunjingnan Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mingsong Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fanhui Meng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shuting Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Li Long
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jing Yi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoping Gou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Herrmann A, Torii KU. Shouting out loud: signaling modules in the regulation of stomatal development. Plant Physiol 2021; 185:765-780. [PMID: 33793896 PMCID: PMC8133662 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are small pores on the surface of land plants that facilitate gas exchange for photosynthesis while minimizing water loss. The function of stomata is pivotal for plant growth and survival. Intensive research on the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) has discovered key peptide signaling pathways, transcription factors, and polarity components that together drive proper stomatal development and patterning. In this review, we focus on recent findings that have revealed co-option of peptide-receptor kinase signaling modules-utilized for diverse developmental processes and immune response. We further discuss an emerging connection between extrinsic signaling and intrinsic polarity modules. These findings have further enlightened our understanding of this fascinating developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvid Herrmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
- Author for communication:
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Rhodes J, Yang H, Moussu S, Boutrot F, Santiago J, Zipfel C. Perception of a divergent family of phytocytokines by the Arabidopsis receptor kinase MIK2. Nat Commun 2021; 12:705. [PMID: 33514716 PMCID: PMC7846792 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-20932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant genomes encode hundreds of receptor kinases and peptides, but the number of known plant receptor-ligand pairs is limited. We report that the Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase LRR-RK MALE DISCOVERER 1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR LIKE KINASE 2 (MIK2) is the receptor for the SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDE (SCOOP) phytocytokines. MIK2 is necessary and sufficient for immune responses triggered by multiple SCOOP peptides, suggesting that MIK2 is the receptor for this divergent family of peptides. Accordingly, the SCOOP12 peptide directly binds MIK2 and triggers complex formation between MIK2 and the BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1) co-receptor. MIK2 is required for resistance to the important root pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Notably, we reveal that Fusarium proteomes encode SCOOP-like sequences, and corresponding synthetic peptides induce MIK2-dependent immune responses. These results suggest that MIK2 may recognise Fusarium-derived SCOOP-like sequences to induce immunity against Fusarium. The definition of SCOOPs as MIK2 ligands will help to unravel the multiple roles played by MIK2 during plant growth, development and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Rhodes
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Huanjie Yang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steven Moussu
- The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Freddy Boutrot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Anova-Plus, Évry, Évry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Julia Santiago
- The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Ou Y, Kui H, Li J. Receptor-like Kinases in Root Development: Current Progress and Future Directions. Mol Plant 2021; 14:166-185. [PMID: 33316466 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell and cell-to-environment communications are critical to the growth and development of plants. Cell surface-localized receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are mainly involved in sensing various extracellular signals to initiate their corresponding cellular responses. As important vegetative organs for higher plants to adapt to a terrestrial living situation, roots play a critical role for the survival of plants. It has been demonstrated that RLKs control many biological processes during root growth and development. In this review, we summarize several key regulatory processes during Arabidopsis root development in which RLKs play critical roles. We also put forward a number of relevant questions that are required to be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong Kui
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Takahashi G, Betsuyaku S, Okuzumi N, Kiyosue T, Hirakawa Y. An Evolutionarily Conserved Coreceptor Gene Is Essential for CLAVATA Signaling in Marchantia polymorpha. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:657548. [PMID: 33927741 PMCID: PMC8076897 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.657548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Growth and development of land plants are controlled by CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related (CLE) family of peptide hormones. In contrast to the genetic diversity of CLE family in flowering plants, the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha possesses a minimal set of CLE, MpCLE1(TDIF homolog), and MpCLE2 (CLV3 homolog). MpCLE1 and MpCLE2 peptides exert distinct function at the apical meristem of M. polymorpha gametophyte via specific receptors, MpTDIF RECEPTOR (MpTDR) and MpCLAVATA1 (MpCLV1), respectively, both belonging to the subclass XI of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs). Biochemical and genetic studies in Arabidopsis have shown that TDR/PXY family and CLV1/BAM family recognize the CLE peptide ligand in a heterodimeric complex with a member of subclass-II coreceptors. Here we show that three LRR-RLK genes of M. polymorpha are classified into subclass II, representing three distinct subgroups evolutionarily conserved in land plants. To address the involvement of subclass-II coreceptors in M. polymorpha CLE signaling, we performed molecular genetic analysis on one of them, MpCLAVATA3 INSENSITIVE RECEPTOR KINASE (MpCIK). Two knockout alleles for MpCIK formed narrow apical meristems marked by prom MpYUC2:GUS marker, which were not expanded by MpCLE2 peptide treatment, phenocopying Mpclv1. Loss of sensitivity to MpCLE2 peptide was also observed in gemma cup formation in both Mpclv1 and Mpcik. Biochemical analysis using a Nicotiana benthamiana transient expression system revealed weak association between MpCIK and MpCLV1, as well as MpCIK and MpTDR. While MpCIK may also participate in MpCLE1 signaling, our data show that the conserved CLV3-CLV1-CIK module functions in M. polymorpha, controlling meristem activity for development and organ formation for asexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Natsuki Okuzumi
- Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Hirakawa
- Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yuki Hirakawa,
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Wang Z, Gou X. Receptor-Like Protein Kinases Function Upstream of MAPKs in Regulating Plant Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207638. [PMID: 33076465 PMCID: PMC7590044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a group of protein kinase broadly involved in various signal pathways in eukaryotes. In plants, MAPK cascades regulate growth, development, stress responses and immunity by perceiving signals from the upstream regulators and transmitting the phosphorylation signals to the downstream signaling components. To reveal the interactions between MAPK cascades and their upstream regulators is important for understanding the functional mechanisms of MAPKs in the life span of higher plants. Typical receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) are plasma membrane-located to perceive endogenous or exogenous signal molecules in regulating plant growth, development and immunity. MAPK cascades bridge the extracellular signals and intracellular transcription factors in many RLK-mediated signaling pathways. This review focuses on the current findings that RLKs regulate plant development through MAPK cascades and discusses questions that are worth investigating in the near future.
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Zhu Y, Hu C, Gou X. Receptor-like protein kinase-mediated signaling in controlling root meristem homeostasis. aBIOTECH 2020; 1:157-68. [PMID: 36303569 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-020-00024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Generation of the root greatly benefits higher plants living on land. Continuous root growth and development are achieved by the root apical meristem, which acts as a reservoir of stem cells. The stem cells, on the one hand, constantly renew themselves through cell division. On the other hand, they differentiate into functional cells to form diverse tissues of the root. The balance between the maintenance and consumption of the root apical meristem is governed by cell-to-cell communications. Receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs), a group of signaling molecules localized on the cell surface, have been implicated in sensing multiple endogenous and environmental signals for plant development and stress adaptation. Over the past two decades, various RLKs and their ligands have been revealed to participate in regulating root meristem homeostasis. In this review, we focus on the recent studies about RLK-mediated signaling in regulating the maintenance and consumption of the root apical meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Y Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yunde Zhao
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, Ja Jolla, California 92093
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland and The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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