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Tian F, Lu J, Qiao C, Wang C, Pang T, Guo L, Li J, Pang R, Xie H. Dissipation behavior and risk assessment of imidacloprid and its metabolites in apple from field to products. Chemosphere 2024:142309. [PMID: 38735491 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides play vital roles in controlling pests and boosting crop yields. Imidacloprid is widely used all over the world and may form in agricultural products. The presence of pesticide residues in apples raises serious health concerns. Understanding the residual fate of imidacloprid is critical for food safety and human health. In this study, the dissipation behavior, metabolism, household processing and risk assessment of imidacloprid and its metabolites in apple were investigated from filed to table. Field results suggested that the half-lives of imidacloprid at 5 times the recommended dosage was 1.5 times that of the standard dosage. And the final residues of imidacloprid were less than the established maximum residue limits (MRLs). Clarification and simmering had little effect on the reduction the residues of imidacloprid and its metabolites. The calculated processing factors were lower than 1 for imidacloprid and its metabolites, implying that the residual ratios of imidacloprid and its metabolites in each steps of the food processing were reduced. The risk quotients were < 1 for all Chinese people, indicating that acceptable risks associated with dietary exposure to imidacloprid in apple. However, the higher risks were observed in young people than adults, and females faced higher risks than males. Given high residue levels in pomace, imidacloprid and its metabolites should be further studied in commercial byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fajun Tian
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, 453514.
| | - Junfeng Lu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Chengkui Qiao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, 453514
| | - Caixia Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Tao Pang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Linlin Guo
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, 453514
| | - Jun Li
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Rongli Pang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, 453514
| | - Hanzhong Xie
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
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Tsoupras A, Moran D, Shiels K, Saha SK, Abu-Reidah IM, Thomas RH, Redfern S. Enrichment of Whole-Grain Breads with Food-Grade Extracted Apple Pomace Bioactives Enhanced Their Anti-Inflammatory, Antithrombotic and Anti-Oxidant Functional Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:225. [PMID: 38397823 PMCID: PMC10886400 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Apple pomace (AP) is a bio-waste product of apples that is co-produced as a by-product during apples' processing for making apple-based products, mainly apple juice, cider and vinegar. AP is a rich source of several bioactives that can be valorized as ingredients for developing novel functional foods, supplements and nutraceuticals. Within the present study, food-grade extracts from AP with different tannin contents were found to contain bioactive polar lipids (PLs), phenolics and carotenoids with strong anti-oxidant, antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties. The extract from the low-in-tannins AP showed stronger anti-inflammatory potency in human platelets against the potent thrombo-inflammatory mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF), while it also exhibited considerable anti-platelet effects against the standard platelet agonist, adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The infusion of 0.5-1.0 g of this bioactive AP extract as functional ingredients for whole-grain bread-making resulted in the production of novel bio-functional bread products with stronger anti-oxidant, antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory potency against both PAF and ADP in human platelets, compared to the standard non-infused control breads. Structural analysis by LCMS showed that the PL-bioactives from all these sources (AP and the bio-functional breads) are rich in bioactive unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), especially in the omega-9 oleic acid (OA; 18:1n9), the omega-3 alpha linolenic acid (ALA; 18:n3) and the omega-6 linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n6), which further supports their strong anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic properties. All food-grade extracted AP including that infused with AP-bioactives novel functional breads showed higher hydrophilic, lipophilic and total phenolic content, as well as total carotenoid content, and subsequently stronger antioxidant capacity. These results showed the potential of appropriately valorizing AP-extracts in developing novel bio-functional bakery products, as well as in other health-promoting applications. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to fully elucidate and/or validate the anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and antioxidant potential of novel bio-functional products across the food and cosmetic sectors when infused with these AP bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Tsoupras
- Hephaestus Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, 65404 Kavala, Greece
| | - Donal Moran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
| | - Katie Shiels
- Shannon Applied Biotechnology Center, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Moylish Park, V94 E8YF Limerick, Ireland; (K.S.); (S.K.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Sushanta Kumar Saha
- Shannon Applied Biotechnology Center, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Moylish Park, V94 E8YF Limerick, Ireland; (K.S.); (S.K.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Ibrahim M. Abu-Reidah
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4, Canada;
| | - Raymond H. Thomas
- Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre, Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada;
| | - Shane Redfern
- Shannon Applied Biotechnology Center, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Moylish Park, V94 E8YF Limerick, Ireland; (K.S.); (S.K.S.); (S.R.)
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Wang C, Liu XL, Sun Q, Zhao FY, Dai PQ, Li LX, Hu DG. Apple consumption affects cecal health by regulating 12 S-hydroxy-5 Z,8 Z,10 E,14 Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (12( S)-HETE) levels through modifying the microbiota in rats. Food Funct 2023; 14:9419-9433. [PMID: 37795613 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03207h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Apples are rich in many nutrients and functional components. However, the mechanism of the effect of fresh apple consumption on rats remains unclear. In the present study, fresh apples (10 g kg-1) were added to the diet of Wistar rats, and changes in the microbiota and metabolite content of the cecum were analyzed after 28 days of feeding, and changes in the 12S-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (12(S)-HETE) content and indicators related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis were detected. Subsequently, a fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) protocol was designed and carried out to verify the relationship between the microbiota and 12(S)-HETE, the cecal structure, and inflammatory factors. The results show that apple consumption significantly reduced the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and immunoglobulin G (IgG), altered the cecal histomorphology, and significantly upregulated the gene expression of claudin-1 and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), which encode tight junction proteins. Apple consumption also changed the structure of the cecal microbiota, increasing the abundance of some species (such as Shuttleworthia) and decreasing the abundance of others (such as Alphaproteobacteria). Metabolomic screening identified 64 significantly different metabolites. The FMT results showed that apple consumption reduced 12(S)-HETE metabolite levels in the cecal contents, improved the intestinal structure, and reduced the levels of proinflammatory factor expression by altering the cecal microbiota. In conclusion, this study provides further insight into the effects of apples on animals using rats as experimental animals. It provides basic data for future exploration of the mechanisms of the effect of apple consumption on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, P.R. China.
- Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-an, Shandong 271018, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Long Liu
- Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-an, Shandong 271018, P.R. China
| | - Quan Sun
- Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-an, Shandong 271018, P.R. China
| | | | - Pei-Qiang Dai
- Shandong Delta Bioengineering Co., Ltd, Taian, Shandong, 271000, P.R., China
| | - Ling-Xing Li
- The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, P.R. China.
| | - Da-Gang Hu
- Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, P.R. China.
- Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-an, Shandong 271018, P.R. China
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Clayton-Cuch D, McDougal D, Schwerdt JG, Yu L, Shirley N, Bradley D, Bruning JB, Böttcher C, Bulone V. Identification and characterisation of MdUGT78T2 as a galactosyltransferase with dual activity on flavonol and anthocyanidin substrates in red-skinned apple fruit (Malus domestica L.). Food Chem 2023; 424:136388. [PMID: 37220682 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanidin and flavonol glycosides have been linked to the health-promoting effects associated with apple consumption. However, very few enzymes involved in flavonoid glycosylation have been characterised to date. Here, we present the identification and phylogenetic analysis of 234 putative glycosyltransferases involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, and detail the biochemical and structural characterisation of MdUGT78T2 as a strict galactosyltransferase involved in the formation of quercetin-3-O-galactoside and cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, the major glycoconjugates of flavonoids in apple. The enzyme is also active on other flavonoids but with a lower catalytic efficiency. Our data, complemented with gene expression analysis suggest that MdUGT78T2 synthesises the glycoconjugates at both the early and late stages of fruit development. This newly discovered type of catalytic activity can potentially be exploited for in vitro modification of flavonoids to increase their stability in food products and to modify apple fruits and other commercial crops through breeding approaches to enhance their health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Clayton-Cuch
- Adelaide Glycomics, The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia; CSIRO, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Daniel McDougal
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Julian G Schwerdt
- Adelaide Glycomics, The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Long Yu
- Adelaide Glycomics, The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Neil Shirley
- Adelaide Glycomics, The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - David Bradley
- Agilent Technologies Australia Pty Ltd, Mulgrave, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John B Bruning
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | | | - Vincent Bulone
- Adelaide Glycomics, The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia; Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Magri A, Rega P, Capriolo G, Petriccione M. Impact of Novel Active Layer-by-Layer Edible Coating on the Qualitative and Biochemical Traits of Minimally Processed 'Annurca Rossa del Sud' Apple Fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098315. [PMID: 37176023 PMCID: PMC10179199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The color changes brought on by the enzymatic interactions of phenolic compounds with released endogenous polyphenol oxidase and the penetration of oxygen into the tissue has a significant impact on the commercialization of fresh-cut fruit, such as apples. This process causes a loss of quality in fresh-cut apples, resulting in browning of the fruit surface. By acting as a semipermeable barrier to gases and water vapor and thus lowering respiration, enzymatic browning, and water loss, edible coatings can provide a chance to increase the shelf life of fresh-cut produce. In this study, the effect of edible coatings composed of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC, 1%), sodium alginate (SA, 1%), citric acid (CA, 1%), and oxalic acid (OA, 0.5%) on fresh-cut 'Annurca Rossa del Sud' apple was studied. Four formulations of edible coatings, A. SA+CMC, B. SA+CMC+CA, C. SA+CMC+OA, and D. SA+CMC+CA+OA, were tested. Fresh-cut apples were dipped into different solutions and then stored at 4 °C, and physicochemical and biochemical analyses were performed at 0, 4, 8, and 12 days of storage. Results demonstrated that all four combinations improved the shelf-life of fresh-cut apple by slowing down the qualitative postharvest decay, total soluble solid, and titratable acidity. The browning index was highest in the control samples (82%), followed by CMC+SA (53%), CMC+SA+CA (32%), CMC+SA+OA (22%), and finally CMC+SA+CA+OA (7%) after 12 days of cold storage. Furthermore, coating application increased the bioactive compound content and antioxidant enzyme activities. Furthermore, the synergistic activity of SA+CMC+CA+OA reduces enzymatic browning, prolonging the postharvest life of minimally processed 'Annurca Rossa del Sud' apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Magri
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Center for Olive, Fruits and Citrus Crops, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Pietro Rega
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Center for Olive, Fruits and Citrus Crops, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Capriolo
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Center for Olive, Fruits and Citrus Crops, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Milena Petriccione
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Center for Olive, Fruits and Citrus Crops, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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Woźniak Ł, Szakiel A, Głowacka A, Rozpara E, Marszałek K, Skąpska S. Triterpenoids of Three Apple Cultivars—Biosynthesis, Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties, and Fate during Processing. Molecules 2023; 28:2584. [PMID: 36985556 PMCID: PMC10058748 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoids are a group of secondary plant metabolites, with a remarkable pharmacological potential, occurring in the cuticular waxes of the aerial parts of plants. The aim of this study was to analyze triterpenoid variability in the fruits and leaves of three apple cultivars during the growing season and gain new insights into their health-promoting properties and fate during juice and purée production. The identification and quantification of the compounds of interest were conducted using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The waxes of both matrices contained similar analytes; however, their quantitative patterns varied: triterpenic acids prevailed in the fruits, while higher contents of steroids and esterified forms were observed in the leaves. The total triterpenoid content per unit area was stable during the growing season; the percentage of esters increased in the later phases of growth. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated with a series of in vitro assays. Triterpenoids were found to be the main anti-inflammatory compounds in the apples, while their impact on antioxidant capacity was minor. The apples were processed on a lab scale to obtain juices and purées. The apple purée and cloudy juice contained only some of the triterpenoids present in the raw fruit, while the clear juices were virtually free of those lipophilic compounds.
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Calvo-Castro LA, Lobo-Vázquez M, Gómez-González JC, Arnáez-Serrano E, Zamora-Fallas G, Sánchez-Zúñiga K, Centeno-Cerdas C. Bioactive potential of tropical highland apple (Malus domestica cv. Anna) crude extract: opportunities for food waste revalorization. Futur J Pharm Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00447-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The third most produced fruit crop in the world, apples (Malus domestica Borkh) are one of the most accessible and widely consumed fruits, with known benefits for human health. Although they are a temperate crop, apple cultivation has been successfully implemented in lower latitudes. Tropical highland Costa Rican apples (cv. Anna) have shown high total polyphenol content, and cytotoxic effects against human cancer cell lines. However, most reports originate from purified fractions, obtained using methods which are not easily translatable for commercial applications. In this study, we prepared a polyphenol-rich bioactive extract from Costa Rican Anna apples, using food-grade solvents and simple techniques, aiming towards easy translation of the extraction protocols to small local producers.
Results
The whole apple crude extract (AE) was investigated for its total polyphenol content, general phytochemical profile, cytotoxicity against human breast and lung cancer cells, and regenerative potential in murine skin fibroblast monolayers. The AE showed total polyphenol amounts comparable to that obtained using more refined extractions in previous studies, and exhibited cytotoxic activity against human breast (MCF7) and lung (NCI-H460) cancer cells, and inhibition of cell proliferation in the scratch-wound-healing assay.
Conclusions
Food-grade simple protocols were successful for obtaining a polyphenol-rich bioactive extract from Costa Rican Anna apples. The easy-to-implement extraction protocols and biochemical tests could provide a source of bioactive phytochemicals to be used in circular production systems.
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Caliceti C, Malaguti M, Marracino L, Barbalace MC, Rizzo P, Hrelia S. Agri-Food Waste from Apple, Pear, and Sugar Beet as a Source of Protective Bioactive Molecules for Endothelial Dysfunction and Its Major Complications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1786. [PMID: 36139860 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial damage is recognized as the initial step that precedes several cardiovascular diseases (CVD), such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and coronary artery disease. It has been demonstrated that the best treatment for CVD is prevention, and, in the frame of a healthy lifestyle, the consumption of vegetables, rich in bioactive molecules, appears effective at reducing the risk of CVD. In this context, the large amount of agri-food industry waste, considered a global problem due to its environmental and economic impact, represents an unexplored source of bioactive compounds. This review provides a summary regarding the possible exploitation of waste or by-products derived by the processing of three traditional Italian crops-apple, pear, and sugar beet-as a source of bioactive molecules to protect endothelial function. Particular attention has been given to the bioactive chemical profile of these pomaces and their efficacy in various pathological conditions related to endothelial dysfunction. The waste matrices of apple, pear, and sugar beet crops can represent promising starting material for producing "upcycled" products with functional applications, such as the prevention of endothelial dysfunction linked to cardiovascular diseases.
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Furdak P, Pieńkowska N, Bartosz G, Sadowska-Bartosz I. Extracts of Common Vegetables Inhibit the Growth of Ovary Cancer Cells. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162518. [PMID: 36010518 PMCID: PMC9407283 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is recent interest in a diet that can be recommended for patients suffering from cancer. In this respect, the effects were studied of the extracts of several common fruits, herbs and vegetables on the viability of two human ovary cancer cell lines (SKOV-3 and PEO1) in vitro. Normal human MRC-5 fibroblasts were used as a control cell line. The extracts of garlic, horseradish and curly kale as well as green and black tea were the most effective in lowering the viability of ovarian cancer cells, while not affecting the viability of MRC-5 fibroblasts. Except for garlic and horseradish, the cytotoxic effects of the extracts correlated with their polyphenol content. The examination of changes in the content of ATP and glutathione, in the level of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial potential and mitochondrial mass did not show a consistent pattern, suggesting that various extracts may act via different mechanisms. Although the extracts’ toxicity to cells in vitro is a first and direct suggestion concerning their possible anticancer effects in vivo, these results point to potential vegetable candidates to become diet components recommended for ovary cancer patients.
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Liu W, Chen Z, Jiang S, Wang Y, Fang H, Zhang Z, Chen X, Wang N. Research Progress on Genetic Basis of Fruit Quality Traits in Apple ( Malus × domestica). Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:918202. [PMID: 35909724 PMCID: PMC9330611 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.918202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the genetic variation characteristics of phenotypic traits is important for fruit tree breeding. During the long-term evolution of fruit trees, gene recombination and natural mutation have resulted in a high degree of heterozygosity. Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) shows strong ecological adaptability and is widely cultivated, and is among the most economically important fruit crops worldwide. However, the high level of heterozygosity and large genome of apple, in combination with its perennial life history and long juvenile phase, complicate investigation of the genetic basis of fruit quality traits. With continuing augmentation in the apple genomic resources available, in recent years important progress has been achieved in research on the genetic variation of fruit quality traits. This review focuses on summarizing recent genetic studies on apple fruit quality traits, including appearance, flavor, nutritional, ripening, and storage qualities. In addition, we discuss the mapping of quantitative trait loci, screening of molecular markers, and mining of major genes associated with fruit quality traits. The overall aim of this review is to provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of genetic variation and molecular breeding of important fruit quality traits in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Tai’an, China
| | - Zijing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Tai’an, China
| | - Shenghui Jiang
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yicheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongcheng Fang
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Zongying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Tai’an, China
| | - Xuesen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Tai’an, China
| | - Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Tai’an, China
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