Severe insulin resistance due to insulin antibodies

The Application of the Insulin to C-Peptide Molar Ratio (ICPR) in Primary Screening for Insulin Antibodies in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Further Quantitative Study on the Relationship Between ICPR and Insulin Antibodies

Purpose

This study aimed to further quantify the relationship between insulin antibodies (IAs) and the 2-hour insulin to C-peptide molar ratio (2h-ICPR) using a multiple linear regression model in T2DM patients.

Methods

A total of 274 T2DM patients from April 2019 to December 2022 in Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University were included in this study. Multiple Linear Model Fitting was conducted on the candidate independent variables (age, BMI, HbA1c, and 2h-ICPR) for the multiple linear regression. The linear relationship between insulin antibodies (IAs) and the significant independent variables was presented by making multiple linear regression equations.

Results

The total demographic characteristics of the included patients were as follows: age (51.92±13.10 years), BMI (24.94±3.99 kg/m²), HbA1c (9.70±2.39%), 2h-ICPR (0.12±0.11), and IAs (0.37±1.12COI). Linear relationships of independent variables: age (r=0.163, p=0.007), 2h-ICPR (r=0.259, p=0.001), BMI (r=0.007, p=0.907) and 2h-ICPR (r=0.092, p=0.129). Multiple linear regression: age (unstandardized β=0.014, 95% CI: 0.004-0.024, p=0.004), 2h-ICPR (unstandardized β=2.758, 95% CI: 1.555-3.962, p≤0.001). The regression equation: .

Conclusion

The quantitative relationship between 2h-ICPR and insulin antibodies was . 2h-ICPR can be a preliminary screening indicator for insulin antibody testing in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Mycophenolate Mofetil and Plasmapheresis: A Treatment Option for Severe Insulin Resistance caused by Insulin Antibodies

Objective

Insulin antibody (IA)-mediated insulin resistance (IR) is a rare condition for which immunosuppressive regimens have been described. However, these raise the risk of infection, and the drugs may not be effectively metabolized in patients with liver disease. A 61-year old male with type 2 diabetes mellitus and antibody-mediated IR who required >800 units of daily insulin presented with acute decompensation of his preexisting cirrhosis from recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis. Laboratory tests confirmed an IA level of >625 μU/mL (reference: <5.0 μU/mL).

Methods

Centrifugal plasmapheresis and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) were used to treat the patient to achieve glycemic control. Continuous glucose monitoring was implemented to monitor glycemic control pre- and posttherapy. Laboratory evaluation included levels of IA, C-peptide, insulin-like growth factor-1, growth hormone, salivary cortisol, zinc transporter 8, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65-kilodalton isoform antibody, and islet-cell antibodies.

Results

We initiated MMF followed by 5 sessions of plasmapheresis, leading to an overall 77.3% reduction from pretherapy insulin requirements after 6 months without further episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis or infection. The cirrhosis stabilized, and there was an improvement in HbA1C from 8.7% (72 mmol/mol) to 6.6% (49 mmol/mol) and time in euglycemic range from 30% to 61%.

Conclusion

This is the first report of MMF and centrifugal plasmapheresis use to mitigate the effects of IA-mediated IR in a patient with cirrhosis. We recommend further studies to determine the utility of this treatment to improve care for patients at high risk for IA-mediated IR.