Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) mediates pyrene-induced mice liver inflammatory response with increased serum amyloid A proteins and Th17 cells

Inflammatory signaling on cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism in hepatocytes

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are membrane-bound blood proteins that are vital to drug detoxification, cell metabolism, and homeostasis. CYP450s belonging to CYP families 1-3 are responsible for nearly 80% of oxidative metabolism and complete elimination of approximately 50% of all common clinical drugs in humans liver hepatocytes. CYP450s can affect the body's response to drugs by altering the reaction, safety, bioavailability, and toxicity. They can also regulate metabolic organs and the body's local action sites to produce drug resistance through altered drug metabolism. Genetic polymorphisms in the CYP gene alone do not explain ethnic and individual differences in drug efficacy in the context of complex diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize the impact of new inflammatory-response signaling pathways on the activity and expression of CYP drug-metabolizing enzymes. Included is a summary of recent studies that have identified drugs with the potential to regulate drug-metabolizing enzyme activity. Our goal is to inspire the development of clinical drug treatment processes that consider the impact of the inflammatory environment on drug treatment, as well as provide research targets for those studying drug metabolism.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates liver injury secondary to Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a dangerous pathogen causing nosocomial pneumonia. P. aeruginosa infection-induced liver damage is another fatal threat, and antibiotic treatment is not effective in relieving P. aeruginosa virulence-triggered damage. We here evaluated the protective effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a substance that inhibits virulence of P. aeruginosa through quorum quenching, on liver damage secondary to P. aeruginosa infection. Mice were pretreated with EGCG (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) for 3 days, and then infected with P. aeruginosa through intratracheal instillation to model acute pneumonia. The mice were sacrificed after 24 h of infection, and samples were harvested for subsequent analysis. EGCG significantly decreased the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Histopathological changes of liver were significantly ameliorated by EGCG. It also significantly reduced oxidative stress that induced liver damage in P. aeruginosa infection, which relied not on the activation of the Nrf₂-HO-1 pathway but on the upregulation of the activity of antioxidative enzymes. Then, the inflammatory response in the liver was tested. EGCG inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) by blocking the inflammation regulating signaling of the TLR4-myD88-NF-κB pathway. EGCG upregulated the activation of nuclear receptors to stronger the liver protective activity against P. aeruginosa infection. Conclusively, EGCG exhibited a significant hepatoprotective effective against P. aeruginosa infection.