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Davis D, Kurz E, Hooper ME, Atchan M, Spiller S, Blackburn J, Bushell M, Lewis V, Leung M, Samarawickrema I, Knight-Agarwal C. The holistic maternity care needs of women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A systematic review with thematic synthesis. Women Birth 2024; 37:166-176. [PMID: 37684120 DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
PROBLEM Models of care for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have evolved in an ad hoc way and do not meet women's needs. BACKGROUND GDM affects 50,000 Australian women per annum with prevalence quadrupling in the last ten years. Many health services are struggling to provide a quality service. People with diabetes are calling for care that focuses on their wellbeing more broadly. AIM To examine the holistic (emotional, social, economic, and spiritual) care needs of women with GDM. METHODS Qualitative and mixed-methods studies capturing the healthcare experiences of women with GDM were searched for in CINAHL, Medline, Web of Science and Scopus. English-language studies published between 2011 and 2023 were included. Quality of studies was assessed using Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool and NVIVO was used to identify key themes and synthesise data. FINDINGS Twenty-eight studies were included, representing the experiences of 958 women. Five themes reflect women's holistic needs through their journey from initial diagnosis to postpartum: psychological impact, information and education, making change for better health, support, and care transition. DISCUSSION The biomedical, fetal-centric model of care neglects the woman's holistic wellbeing resulting in high levels of unmet need. Discontinuity between tertiary and primary services results in a missed opportunity to assist women to make longer term changes that would benefit themselves (and their families) into the future. CONCLUSIONS The provision of holistic models of care for this cohort is pivotal to improving clinical outcomes and the experiences of women with GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Davis
- University of Canberra, Faculty of Health, Australia; ACT Government, Health Directorate, Australia.
| | - Ella Kurz
- University of Canberra, Faculty of Health, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Mary Bushell
- University of Canberra, Faculty of Health, Australia
| | | | - Myra Leung
- University of Canberra, Faculty of Health, Australia
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Smyth S, Mulligan K, Rutter E, Harrington L, Hatunic M, Higgins MF. Attitudes of women with gestational diabetes toward diet and exercise: a qualitative study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2023; 36:2155045. [PMID: 36599434 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2022.2155045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gestational diabetes (GDM) refers to glucose intolerance of varying severity first occurring in pregnancy. Following a diagnosis of GDM, exercise and dietary modification has a positive effect on improving glycemic control. Lifestyle changes affected in pregnancies affected by GDM have beneficial effects on long-term health if continued following birth. In addition, the psychological impact of a diagnosis of GDM should not be overlooked. Reports of maternal stress, anxiety, and fear are commonly reported issues in the literature. Support, both socially and from health care professionals, is also linked with higher rates of success in GDM management. Research to date had focused on women's reaction to a diagnosis of GDM, their mood and quality of life following a diagnosis, and their knowledge or opinions on the management of GDM. This qualitative study explored the attitudes of women with GDM toward these lifestyle changes, specifically diet and exercise. Women were also asked to identify advice that would be useful for other women newly diagnosed with GDM. METHODS With ethical approval a qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews which were examined using Thematic Analysis. Patients were invited to participate and gave written consent after a discussion with a study researcher. The question plan for semi-structured interviews was designed with the advice of patient advocates. Recurrent themes were developed until the saturation of data. RESULTS Thirty-two women took part in the study. Time, convenience, and lack of educational awareness were common barriers to healthy eating and physical activity plans. Enablers for change included meal planning and organization. Women regarded their diets pre-diagnosis as healthy, with small "tweaks" (such as portion control) required to comply with recommendations. Another significant facilitator to change was support from the woman's partner. This also set a benchmark for plans of diet maintenance within the family structure after pregnancy. Unlike dietary changes, a consistent theme was that exercise was considered a "chore" in managing GDM and was unlikely to be continued in the long term. Practical advice offered by participants for other women with GDM included organization, realistic approaches, and lack of self-blame. CONCLUSION Women reported that changes in diet would be more achievable in the long term than changes in exercise patterns. Partners and the clinical team were significant sources of support. Women's views are crucial to providing clinicians with a comprehensive and holistic understanding of disease management. Involving women in self-care decisions and empowering women to manage their own health are key contributors to long-term behavior change as well as service provision and policy implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Smyth
- UCD Perinatal Research Center, School of Medicine, National Maternity Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - K Mulligan
- UCD Perinatal Research Center, School of Medicine, National Maternity Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - E Rutter
- Department of Midwifery, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - L Harrington
- Department of Dietetics, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - M Hatunic
- Department of Endocrinology, National Maternity Hospital and Mater Misercordiae Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - M F Higgins
- UCD Perinatal Research Center, School of Medicine, National Maternity Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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He J, Hu K, Wang B, Wang H. Effects of women with gestational diabetes mellitus related weight gain on pregnancy outcomes and its experiences in weight management programs: a mixed-methods systematic review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1247604. [PMID: 38075066 PMCID: PMC10699134 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1247604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Proper controlling gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)-related gestational weight gain (GWG) during pregnancy can optimize pregnancy outcomes and improve postpartum glucose homeostasis. This study aimed to explore the existing intervention programs, the effects on pregnancy outcomes, and the experiences of weight management for GDM-related GWG in women with GDM. Methods This mixed-methods systematic review was retrieved from nine databases. The retrieval time was from the database construction to September 20, 2023, and all studies were published in English and Chinese. The included records used quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods and reported original studies of weight-related intervention regimens, effects on pregnancy outcomes, and women's experiences and perceptions. This review used a convergent segregated approach to synthesize and integrate research findings from Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) mixed-methods systematic reviews. Results There were 16 articles that met the inclusion criteria, and the articles came from seven different countries and included 23,997 women with GDM. The meta-analysis pooled outcomes for the incidence of weight gain exceeding the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations after GDM diagnosis to delivery was 0.31% (95% CI 0.21-0.42). The effectiveness of GDM-related weight interventions in reducing weight gain after GDM diagnosis was supported by quantitative evidence. The GDM-related GWG below the IOM recommendations is a protective factor (OR=0.68, 95%CI 0.48-0.97) for large for gestational Age (LGA), and above the IOM recommendations is a risk factor (OR=1.62, 95%CI 1.15-2.27) for LGA. In addition, no significant statistical significance was found in the pooled outcomes of small for gestational age (SGA). Avoiding excessive weight gain helps to optimize neonatal birth weight, pregnancy outcomes, and maternal blood glucose levels. According to qualitative survey results, some women with GDM experienced weight stigma, and a positive relationship between healthcare providers and GDM women helped in weight management. Conclusion Following a diagnosis of GDM, weight management interventions positively affected GWG and pregnancy outcomes. In order to improve compliance and safety of weight management in women with GDM, criteria and interventions for weight gain associated with GDM need to be further explored and improved. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=404492, identifier CRD42023404492.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- Nursing Department, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Nursing, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaili Hu
- Nursing Department, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Binghua Wang
- Nursing Department, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Nursing Department, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Tay A, Hoeksema H, Murphy R. Uncovering Barriers and Facilitators of Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: Insights from Qualitative Research. Nutrients 2023; 15. [PMID: 36904294 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term weight loss maintenance is often difficult to achieve. This review analysed qualitative data on self-perceived barriers and facilitators of weight loss and weight loss maintenance among weight loss intervention participants. A literature search was conducted using electronic databases. Qualitative studies written in English and published between 2011-2021 were eligible for inclusion if they explored the perspectives and experiences of individuals who received standardised dietary and behavioural support for weight loss. Studies were excluded if weight loss was achieved through self-directed methods, only increasing physical activity, or surgical or pharmacological interventions. Fourteen studies were included, totaling 501 participants from six countries. Thematic analysis was used to identify four aggregate themes: internal factors (i.e., motivation and self-efficacy), programme-specific factors (i.e., the intervention diet), social factors (i.e., supporters and saboteurs), and environmental factors (i.e., an obesogenic environment). Our findings demonstrate that internal, social, and environmental factors all influence weight loss success, as well as the acceptability of the weight loss intervention. Future interventions may be more successful if they prioritise participant acceptability and engagement by, for example, providing tailored interventions, a structured relapse management plan, strategies to enhance autonomous motivation and emotional self-regulation, and extended contact during weight loss maintenance.
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Kovell LC, Sibai D, Wilkie GL, Shankara S, Moinul S, Kaminsky L, Lemon SC, McManus DD. Identifying barriers, facilitators, and interventions to support healthy eating in pregnant women with or at risk for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Cardiovasc Digit Health J 2022; 3:S1-S8. [PMID: 36589759 PMCID: PMC9795265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvdhj.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heart-healthy diets are important in the prevention and treatment of hypertension (HTN), including among pregnant women. Yet, the barriers, facilitators, and beliefs/preferences regarding healthy eating are not well described in this population. Objective To identify barriers and facilitators to healthy diet, examine the prevalence of food insecurity, and determine interest in specific healthy diet interventions. Methods Pregnant women, aged 18-50 years (N = 38), diagnosed with HTN, hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP), or risk factors for HDP, were recruited from a large academic medical center in central Massachusetts between June 2020 and June 2022. Participants completed an electronic survey using a 5-point Likert scale (strongly disagree to strongly agree). Results The mean age of participants was 31.6 years (SD 5.5) and 35.1% identified as Hispanic. Finances and time were major barriers to a healthy diet, reported by 42.1% and 28.9% of participants, respectively. Participants reported that their partners and families were supportive of healthy eating and preparing meals at home, though 30.0% of those with children considered their children's diet a barrier to preparing healthy meals. Additionally, 40.5% of the sample were considered food insecure. Everyone agreed that healthy diet was important for maternal and fetal health, and the most popular interventions were healthy ingredient grocery deliveries (89.4%) and meal deliveries (84.2%). Conclusion Time and cost emerged as major challenges to healthy eating in these pregnant women. Such barriers, facilitators, and preferences can aid in intervention development and policy-level changes to mitigate obstacles to healthy eating in this vulnerable patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara C. Kovell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Diana Sibai
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Gianna L. Wilkie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Sravya Shankara
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Sheikh Moinul
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Lila Kaminsky
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Stephenie C. Lemon
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - David D. McManus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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Davidsen E, Maindal HT, Rod MH, Olesen K, Byrne M, Damm P, Nielsen KK. The stigma associated with gestational diabetes mellitus: A scoping review. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 52:101614. [PMID: 35990581 PMCID: PMC9386490 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects an increasing number of pregnant women globally. Although studies have identified psychosocial ramifications associated with GDM, stigma in the form of experienced discrimination and self-blame and its consequences have received limited attention. Our objective was to examine the current evidence on stigma, as experienced among women with GDM, including the potential adverse consequences hereof. METHODS A scoping review was conducted with citations retrieved from the databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE and, PsycINFO. Studies published before 15 June 2022, when the search was conducted, were included. FINDINGS We identified 1388 citations and included 44 in the review. We found that women with GDM may experience stigma in the form of overt discrimination from healthcare personnel and relatives, and in the form of internalised stigma, such as guilt and shame. Identified consequences include avoidance of screening, not following dietary recommendations nor reporting blood glucose readings, social isolation, and poor mental wellbeing. No estimates of stigma prevalence were identified. INTERPRETATION Existing evidence shows that women with GDM report stigma, which may affect both their mental and physical health. Further investigations into the prevalence of stigma and long-term consequences of stigma are much needed. FUNDING The funders of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Davidsen
- Health Promotion Research, Copenhagen University Hospital – Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 83, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Helle Terkildsen Maindal
- Health Promotion Research, Copenhagen University Hospital – Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 83, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Morten Hulvej Rod
- Health Promotion Research, Copenhagen University Hospital – Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 83, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, 1455 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Kasper Olesen
- Health Promotion Research, Copenhagen University Hospital – Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 83, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Molly Byrne
- Health Behaviour Change Research Group, School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Peter Damm
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, Juliane Maries Vej 8, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Karoline Kragelund Nielsen
- Health Promotion Research, Copenhagen University Hospital – Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 83, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Corresponding author.
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Jensen SD, Andreassen P, Knorr S, Rasmussen L, Ovesen P, Kampmann U, Bruun JM. Ambivalence and moral dilemmas in women's lived experiences of obesity and pregnancy: Qualitative insights for maternal lifestyle interventions. Scand J Caring Sci 2021; 36:416-425. [PMID: 34877704 DOI: 10.1111/scs.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal obesity is a global health concern that is associated with significant effects on both short- and long-term health of both mother and child. However, maternal lifestyle interventions tend to focus solely on diet and physical activity in ways that disembody and disengage the social context in which women live their lives. AIMS The aim of this study was to explore the lived experiences of maternal obesity and delve into how experiences of the body and motherhood affect women's motivation for participating in a postpartum lifestyle intervention. METHOD A qualitative study using in-depth semi-structured interviews based on participant-generated photographs was used to allow the women to openly express their lived experiences of maternal obesity. The study emanated from a gynaecological department of a major Danish hospital, and five pregnant or postpartum women living with obesity participated. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analysed using an Interpretive Phenomenological Approach. RESULTS The analysis identified an overall theme of ambivalence and four subthemes among the participating women. The themes reflected contrasting feelings where the obese body was simultaneously an arena for aesthetic failure, functional success and moral dilemmas. Experiences of weight stigma and moral accusations in healthcare settings further increased the women's sense of ambivalence and challenged their strong desire to lose weight. CONCLUSION This study highlights an ambivalent and vulnerable situation of maternal obesity which makes moral sensitivity towards weight and body concerns crucial to consider in future maternal health interventions. Our data suggest that an emphasis on functionality and capability rather than aesthetics and measured ideals would be useful in providing care and support in postpartum lifestyle interventions for women living with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissel D Jensen
- Danish National Centre for Obesity, Aarhus, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Centre Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Sine Knorr
- Steno Diabetes Centre Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Louise Rasmussen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Ovesen
- Steno Diabetes Centre Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ulla Kampmann
- Steno Diabetes Centre Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens M Bruun
- Danish National Centre for Obesity, Aarhus, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Centre Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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Harvey ME, David AL, Dyer J, Spencer R. Pregnant women's experiences and perceptions of participating in the EVERREST prospective study; a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2019; 19:144. [PMID: 31039749 PMCID: PMC6492343 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-019-2277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The EVERREST Prospective Study is a multicentre observational cohort study of pregnancies affected by severe early-onset fetal growth restriction. The study recruits women with singleton pregnancies where the estimated fetal weight is less than the 3rd centile and below 600 g, between 20 + 0 and 26 + 6 weeks of pregnancy, in the absence of a known chromosomal, structural or infective cause. Method The reported study was retrospective descriptive qualitative interview study of women who had participated in the EVERREST Prospective Study. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences and perceptions of pregnant women taking part in research during a pregnancy affected by severe early-onset fetal growth restriction. Audio-recorded semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 12 women, at least 1 year after delivery of their baby. Two of these pregnancies had ended in stillbirth and one in neonatal death, reflecting the outcomes seen in the EVERREST Prospective Study. Participants gave informed consent, were 16 years or older and were interviewed in English. A topic guide was used to ensure a consistent approach. Questions focused on pregnancy experiences, involvement with the EVERREST study and potential involvement in future research. Recordings were transcribed verbatim for thematic analysis using NVivo10. Results Four broad themes were identified; ‘before joining the EVERREST Prospective Study’, ‘participating in research’, ‘information and support’ and ‘looking back and looking forwards’. Each broad theme incorporated several subthemes. All participants recalled their reaction to being told their baby was smaller than expected. The way this news was given had a lasting impact. A range of benefits of participation in the EVERREST Prospective Study were described and the participants were positive about the way it was conducted. As a consequence, they were receptive to participating in future research. However, the findings suggest that research teams should be sensitive when approaching families at a difficult time or when they are already participating in other research. Conclusions This study highlights the willingness of pregnant women to participate in research and identifies strategies for researchers to engage participants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12884-019-2277-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merryl E Harvey
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, City South Campus, Westbourne Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 3TN, UK
| | - Anna L David
- EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7DN, UK
| | - Jade Dyer
- Comprehensive Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Clinical Trials & Methodology, University College London, 90 High Holborn, London, WC1V 6LJ, UK
| | - Rebecca Spencer
- EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-98 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK.
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Cundy T, Holt RIG. Assessing the outcomes of pregnancies of women with diabetes. Diabet Med 2019; 36:139-141. [PMID: 30698865 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Cundy
- Diabetic Medicine, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - R I G Holt
- Diabetic Medicine, Southampton, UK
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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